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                <text>Addams' reaction to peace negotiations opening in Paris</text>
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                <text>Since the outbreak of the war in Europe, Addams has been at the forefront of the peace movement. From international conferences to meetings and essays, Addams has fine-tuned her ideas on internationalism. She promotes international leagues for arbitration as well as economic pressure in replace of militarism. For Addams, the association of labor is the new internationalism. Some of the points Addams supports are taken to the negotiation table in Paris by President Wilson. Unfortunately, Britain and France successfully keep many of these points out of the eventual treaty.</text>
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                <text>“Jane Addams Explains Plan of World League.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 15. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 15 June 2017.&#13;
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“The League and the End of the War.” The New York Times: 23 Dec. 1918, vol. LXVIII no. 22,248: 10. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.</text>
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Paris, France</text>
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                <text>The New York State Senate  includes Addams on a list  of "Radicals and Pacifists" </text>
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                <text>A foreboding of the Red Scare, Archibald Stevenson, a staffer of a New York State Senate sub-committee investigating German propaganda during the First World War, produces a list of "Radicals and Pacifists," which includes Addams and her long-time associate Lilian Wald. The product of the investigation, the Lusk Report links peace and women's groups to communism and Soviet Bolshevism. Addams is quick to respond: "I am a pacifist. I am a member of many pacifist organizations - national and international and head of several of them, but I have been loyal to my country." Thus begins a decade in which Addams is subject to broad condemnation for her peace activism and alleged associations with radicals. (Quoted in Davis, 253.)</text>
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                <text>“Huge Relief Supplies Win Against Famine.” The New York Times: 19 May 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,395: 27. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017.&#13;
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“Vast Amounts of Foodstuffs Sent to Europe.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 14 Apr. 1919: 5. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.&#13;
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“War on Famine Just Beginning, Hoover Warns.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 28 Apr. 1919: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.</text>
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Washington D.C., United States</text>
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                <text>The Women's International League meets, in Zurich, concurrent with the closing of the Paris Peace Conference</text>
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                <text>The announcement of the final terms of the war settlement stun Addams and the other delegates, who pass resolutions rejecting the treaty and calling for major revisions of it.  The delegates also rename their organization the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.  Addams gives three addresses at the Congress. Alice Hamilton describes the opening session: ""The big room is full of a subdued Babel of many tongues, up on the platform which is charmingly decorated, is the lady surrounded by seven selected women of the different countries and in a few minutes she will make her opening address." (Quoted in Joslin, Jane Addams, p. 194.  See footnote 124.  </text>
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                <text>“Men Have Made a Mess of Peace, Women Assert.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 17 May 1919: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Report of the Second International Women's Congress for Peace and Freedom, Zürich, 1919.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Hathi Trust Digital Library&lt;/i&gt;. Web. 13 July 2017.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Women Go Abroad to World Congress.” The New York Times: 10 Apr. 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,356: 24. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Women Meet at Zurich.” The New York Times 4 May 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,390: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Women as ‘Permanent Peacemakers.’” The New York Times; Magazine Section: 22 Jun. 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,429: 78, 80. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Women’s Conference Will Fight Treaty.” The New York Times 20 May 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,396: 5. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“World Women Demand Change in Peace Treaty.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 19 May 1919: 10. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</text>
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Zurich, Switzerland</text>
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                <text>Addams, Alice Hamilton, and a group of Quakers from the United States and England visit Germany and survey the efforts of the Society of Friends to relieve hunger. In Leipzig, they observed hungry and malnourished school children and speak with medical professionals who reported outbreaks of various diseases, including typhus and tuberculosis. Addams is criticized by an English Quaker for having shared a meal with American soldiers while in Berlin. "If I found a wounded soldier in uniform at my door, I would not take him in," said the English woman. "Oh, I think you would," Addams replied. "You would take him in, and feed him, and take off his uniform. Isn't that what we are working for - to feed the world at our doorstep, and take off his uniform?" (Quoted in Linn, 346.)</text>
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                <text>“Berlin Street Battle Wakens Miss Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 11 Jul. 1919: 6. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017.&#13;
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“Miss Addams On Mission.” The New York Times: 3 Jul. 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,440: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.</text>
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Chemnitz, Halle, Leipzig, and Lower Saxony, Germany</text>
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                <text>Addams speaks out against the Palmer Raids</text>
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                <text>At Recital Hall, on Michigan Avenue, in Chicago, Addams gives an address in which she is critical of the government's having rounded up and arrested, for the purpose of deportation, suspected radicals affiliated with socialist, anarchist, and other political causes deemed threatening to the United States. Addams is again criticized in the press, with one paper calling her a "philosophical anarchist" and suffering under a "spirit of sublime detachment" from the threat radicals posed to the country. Addams responds by questioning the propriety of the methods employed in the raids as unjust and unlawful, but she concedes that some caught up in the raids were probably dangerous characters. "We come around to the old situation," she wrote, "that an injustice against the most wretched man in the community is, in the end, an injustice against all of us." (Levine, 234)</text>
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                <text>“Deportation of Radicals Rapped By Jane Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 23 Feb. 1920: 17. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.&#13;
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Chicago, United States</text>
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                <text>“Wilson Will Get Nobel Peace Prize, Sweden Reports.” The New York Times: 21 Nov. 1920, vol. LXX no. 22,947: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 12 June 2017.</text>
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                <text>“Chicagoans Like Peace Plans.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 28 Apr. 1914: 2. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.</text>
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                <text>“Sees end of War in Brotherhood.” The New York Times: 12 Mar. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,866: 7. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.</text>
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New York City, United States</text>
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                <text>At St. Paul's Chapel at Columbia University, Addams addresses the importance of a strong association labor organizations to the creation of a new international order. In the speech, one in a series she will make against militarism, Addams tells stories about the war on the Western Front. These stories tell of the brutal reality men in the trenches face and how civility, mercy, and compassion are found and shared between "enemies."  She says people have been instilled with a false sense of patriotism.</text>
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                <text>President Wilson asks Congress to finance a number of new naval ships and aircraft carriers. The country begins a heated debate about American military preparedness.  Addams and other peace activities mobilize against an increase in military spending and the size of the U.S. military.  Addams claims that steps to increase military spending are unjustified because the United States faces no imminent threat to its national security. In Addams' opinion, Europe has exhausted its resources. Protected by two oceans, America, Addams conveys to Wilson, has no reason to prepare for war against "hypothetical" enemies.</text>
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                <text>Addams, Jane. “A Protest Against Preparedness: A Letter to President Wilson.” The Commoner (Lincoln, Neb): 1 Nov. 1915, vol. XV no. 11: 6. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. Web. 27 June 2017</text>
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Chicago, United States</text>
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                <text>“The President’s Address to Congress.” The New York Times: 5 Dec. 1917, vol. LXVII no. 21,865: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web 15 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
“Wilson Today to Tell World Why We Fight.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 4 Dec. 1917: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.</text>
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Washington D.C., United States</text>
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                <text>Though Wilson and Addams found themselves on opposite sides of the war, and Addams had been vilified and was under government surveillance, Wilson expresses "peculiar gratification" for her continued political support.  (Quoted in Linn, Jane Addams, p. 329. In Second Twenty Years at Hull House, however, Addams expresses frustration and disappointment with Wilson for not having taken up her call for international mediation to end the war in 1915, and waiting instead until 1917, by which time it was, in Wilson's words, " too late."</text>
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                <text>Addams, Jane. "The Democratic Ideal in World Organization: Labor as a Factor in the Newer Conception of International Relationships." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science: The Foreign Relations of the United States. Ed. Henry Raymond Mussey and Stephen Pierce Duggan. vol. VII no. 2. Columbia University, New York: The Academy of Political Science, 1917. 282-88. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 27 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
Addams, Jane. "Social Problems of the War and Reconstruction; General Session: World's Food and World Politics." Proceeding of the National Conference of Social Work: Chicago: Rodgers and Hall Co., 1919. 650-56. Forty-Fifth Annual Session in Kansas City, Missouri on May 15-22, 1918. Google Play Books. Web. 23 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
Addams, Jane. “The World’s Food Supply and Women’s Obligation.” The Journal of Home Economics X.9 (1918): 389-400. Google Play Books. Web. 27 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
Rev. W. B. Norton. “World Cry for Bread to Help Peace League.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 7 Oct. 1918: 7. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.</text>
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                <text>Upon her return to the United States Addams travels across the country to raise funds for famine relief in Germany.  Her reception is not without controversy, however, as some accuse her of "Germanism" for her pacifist beliefs and activities on behalf of the German people. </text>
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                <text>Addams, Jane and Alice Hamilton. “After the Lean Years: Impressions of Food Conditions in Germany When Peace Was Signed.” The Survey XLII.23 (1919): 793-97. Archive.org/ Web. 27 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
“Huge Relief Supplies Win Against Famine.” The New York Times: 19 May 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,395: 27. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
“Vast Amounts of Foodstuffs Sent to Europe.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 14 Apr. 1919: 5. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
“War on Famine Just Beginning, Hoover Warns.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 28 Apr. 1919: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.</text>
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                <text>Addams' essay "Nationalism a Dogma?" appears in The Survey</text>
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                <text>Addams, Jane. “Nationalism, a Dogma?” The Survey XLIII.15 (1920): 524-6. Archive.org. Web. 31 May 2017.</text>
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                <text>1869-1889&#13;
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RRH</text>
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                <text>Rebecca S. Graff</text>
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                <text>The Noordam is stopped and searched </text>
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                <text>Upon entering the English Channel, the ship is stopped by a British naval vessel and two German stowaways are taken off of The Noordam. A few months earlier, in February of 1915, Germany declares a policy of submarine warfare against neutral shipping. Not long after the American delegates arrive in Europe, German submarines sink The Lusitania.</text>
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                <text>Balch, Emily. “Journey and Impressions of the Congress.” Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 1-21. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017.</text>
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English Channel</text>
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                <text>As &lt;em&gt;The Noordam&lt;/em&gt; travels through the English Channel on its way to Rotterdam, it is stopped once again. The ship sits off the coast of Dover for four days. The delegate's telegrams are censored, and no one is allowed to disembark. Ships from the British fleet, alongside ships from the fleets of neutral nations, including Spain, Norway, Greece, and the United States, surround &lt;em&gt;The Noordam&lt;/em&gt;. As the women watch the date of the conference approach, their ship is finally allowed to proceed to the Netherlands.</text>
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English Channel</text>
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                <text>Addams arrives in London two days after the sinking of the Lusitania. She writes that one component of the continuation of the war is the way propaganda portrays certain events. As for the sinking of the Lusitania, she observes that London papers report the sinking as a tremendous atrocity committed by the German Empire, while German papers represent the Lusitania as a legitimate target because it carries war munitions. Addams finds that the exploits of war modify the justifications for war and create a fanatical patriotism.</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="2101">
                  <text>Jane Addams General</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
