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Waterbury Button Company was established in 1812 during the United States’ war against the U.K. of the same year, producing stamped metal buttons for the armed forces. During the Civil War, both sides wore Waterbury buttons on their uniforms, as depicted in the print showing the Surrender at Appomattox below. In 2000 the button branch of the business was sold to OGS Technologies, Inc. who reverted the name to the Waterbury Button Company, and are still in business today.&#13;
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In 1860, William Carter traded his paper wholesale business for an ink-selling business; at the outbreak of the Civil War, Carter snagged the recipe for ink and glue from his supplier, allowing him to manufacture their own ink. In 1872, John W. Carter bought the ink and adhesives division, establishing Carter, Dinsmore, and Company. By the time of John’s death in 1895, the company was known as The Carter’s Ink Company (advertised in the 1902 image below). In 1976 the company was bought out by Dennison &amp; Co.&#13;
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First produced in 1797, Keiller marmalade became one of the largest confectioners in the UK. The company first used the name James Keiller &amp; Son in 1827, and the product grew worldwide by 1857. Keiller marmalade is still available today, as an export only from the UK. &#13;
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Kilner Brothers Glass Company was established in 1857 after James Kilner &amp; Sons split in two, following the death of James Kilner Sr. in the same year. Kilner Brothers produced medical, dispensing, drug, soda water, mineral water, and beer bottles. The company went bankrupt in 1937, a year after their last factory closed.&#13;
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Founded in 1882, Johnson Brothers was a leader in English earthenware production; in 1896, the company expanded to the U.S., which would become one of their largest markets (as exhibited in the 1922 advertisement from one of their distributors). In 1968, the company became a part of the Wedgwood group and still produces china today.&#13;
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Alexander Gordon built his gin distillery in London in 1769; Gordon &amp; Company quickly spread throughout the British Empire (starting 1800), reaching the U.S. and Canada in 1902. The iconic square-faced bottle was introduced in 1904, and in 1911 the company took out two full-page ads in Life Magazine to advertise a slight change in the bottle (see one of them below). Gordon’s is still available today.&#13;
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Theodore Haviland split from his family company, Haviland &amp; Co., and formed his own china business in 1891. Haviland produced a wide range of china, even expanding into sculpture, advertising in 1916 animal sculptures made by Swiss artist Edouard-Marcel Sandoz (see below). Haviland &amp; Co. closed in 1931, and Theodore Haviland’s company won the rights to Haviland &amp; Co.’s name and backstamps. It is estimated that the company has produced more than 60,000 patterns and is still in business today. &#13;
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Edouard Pinaud opened his first perfume shop in 1839 in Paris, and the company first appeared in Parisian registered in 1841. The company grew swiftly and was the perfume supplier for Napoleon III and Queen Victoria of England by the 1850s. Pinaud’s emphasized the artistry behind perfume-making (as in the 1902 ad below), and the company still produces perfume today. &#13;
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Louis Toussaint Piver took over Michel Adam’s perfume company in 1813, renaming the company after himself ten years later. The company was the official purveyor to the court of Louis XVI and to many royal families of Europe and produced a wide variety of products, as shown in the 1876 advertisement below. L. T. Piver is still in business today.&#13;
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                <text>Now a national figure in her own right, Addams seconds the nomination of Theodore Roosevelt for president at the 1912 Bull Moose (Progressive) Party  convention in Chicago.  Roosevelt bolts from the Republican Party's nominating convention, also in Chicago, when the nomination goes to the incumbent William Howard Taft. Addams subsequently undertakes a national tour on Roosevelt's behalf. Some colleagues of Addams are perplexed by her endorsement. Charles Beals, secretary of the Chicago Peace Society, who had long condemned Roosevelt for his militarism and imperialism, expresses "bewilder[ment] that the Big Sister has swallowed Bull-Moosism or been swallowed by it, I don't know quite which" (Quoted in Davis, p. 194).  Erving Winslow, another leader of the Chicago-based peace movement, reminds Addams that Roosevelt supports a larger military and the occupation of the Philippines, which Addams herself strongly opposes.</text>
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                <text>Addams, Jane. “My Experiences as a Progressive Delegate.” McClure’s Magazine XL.1 (1912): 12-14. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 2 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
Addams, Jane. “New Party.” American Magazine LXXV.1 (1912): 12-14. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 2 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
"Bull Moosers Seize Triangular Debate." The New York Times: 13 Oct. 1912, vol. LXII no. 19,986: 9. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
"Convention Seats in Demand." The New York Times: 30 Jul. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,911: 5. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
“Miss Addams at Meeting Today.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 17 Oct. 1912: 5. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
"Roosevelt to Miss Addams." The New York Times: 10 Aug. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,922: 2. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
"Roosevelt Sole Convention Star." The New York Times: 7 Aug. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,919: 1, 2. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
"Three Candidates for Second Place." The New York Times: 7 Aug. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,919: 3. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
“Uproar Stirred by Jane Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 8 Aug. 1912: 2. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017.&#13;
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                <text>As president of the Woman’s Peace Party, Addams leads the American delegation to the First International Congress of Women, in The Hague, Netherlands. Addams presides at the conference's opening session.  Over the next several days, the delegates give speeches and debate planks of a platform, the most important of which are (1) the continuous mediation among the belligerents in the form of a conference of neutrals and (2) universal women's suffrage.  In addition, the delegates pass a variety of resolutions similar to those adopted earlier by the Women's Peace Party.  Addams is elected president of the newly-formed International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (ICWPP). The Congress further agrees to send two delegations to various European capitals for the purpose of meeting with heads of state and government, foreign ministers, and civilian peace activists to promote the idea of possibly ending the war through the continuous mediation of neutral countries. Addams and Dr. Aletta Jacobs, of the Netherlands, travel together across the continent, visiting the capitals of belligerent countries (Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and several neutral countries (the Netherlands, Switzerland, and The Vatican).  Meanwhile, a second delegation travels to Russia and the Scandinavian countries.  </text>
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                <text>Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017.&#13;
&#13;
Addams, Jane. "Peace and the Press." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 55-56. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017.&#13;
&#13;
Addams, Jane. "Women and Internationalism." Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
Addams, Jane. "Women in Earnest Says Jane Addams." The New York Times: 29 Apr. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,914: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 31 May 2017.&#13;
&#13;
Addams, Jane. “Women War and Suffrage.” The Survey XXXV.6 (1915): 148. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 1 June 2017&#13;
&#13;
“Calls Women to Peace Session at The Hague.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 6 Mar. 1915: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
“Miss Addams to Give Peace Plan.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 13 Oct. 1915: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
“Resolutions Adopted by The International Congress of Women.” The Survey XXIV.10 (1915): 218. Archive.org. Web. 31 May 2017.&#13;
&#13;
 “Women as ‘Activists’: The Hague Committee.” The Survey XXXV.16 (1916): 443-4. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 1 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
"Women Off for Peace Meeting at The Hague." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 14 Apr. 1915: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.&#13;
&#13;
 “Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.&#13;
 &#13;
“Women Urge Ban on Secret Treaties.” The New York Times 30 Apr. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,915: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.</text>
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The Hague, The Netherlands</text>
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RRH</text>
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                <text>"Praise for Italy From Jane Addams." The New York Times: 3 Jul. 1913, vol. LXII no. 20,249: 8. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017.&#13;
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Budapest, Hungary</text>
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                <text>Addams attends the Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. The Women's Congress opens on the fifteenth of June at the Academy of Music in Budapest, Hungary, with addresses from the Minister of Education and the Countess Iska Teleki, to name a few. Some 2,000 women attend the conference, with 300 being from Budapest alone. There are representatives from five continents and twenty-five nations. The conference starts with a presidential address from Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, who praises the advancement of women's movements around the world. Addams receives news that women in the state of Illinois are granted the right to vote. She arrives at the convention after visiting Egypt, Palestine, and Italy. Delegates from China, India, Persia, and Iceland attend. The Men's International League for Women's Suffrage meets at the same time.</text>
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                <text>Addams speaks at a national suffrage convention at the Columbia Theatre in Washington. The women urge President Wilson to endorse women's suffrage. The New York Times reports that nearly one thousand women representing every state, Hawaii, and Alaska attend. The National American Women's Suffrage Association's forty-fifth annual convention opens at the New Masonic Temple with a welcoming address from Oliver P. Newman. Other speakers at the convention include Jane Addams. Officers of the association are to have a meeting before the House Committee on Rules to ask for the creation of a Suffrage Committee on the first of December.</text>
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                <text>“Women at Capital Hold Mass Meeting.” The New York Times: 1 Dec. 1913, vol. LXIII no. 20,400: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.</text>
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Washington DC, United States</text>
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                <text>“Too Many Arrests, Says Miss Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 5 Feb. 1914: 10. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.</text>
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                <text>Addams speaks before the Chicago Woman's Club about the police and the spike in the number of arrests the year before. Chicago sees close to 84,000 arrests in 1913 (comparatively, Chicago sees close to 50,000 arrests by mid December of 2016). Addams informs the Chicago Women's Club that nearly 42,000 of those cases are dismissed and that some 25,000 of the 42,000 are people under the age of twenty-five. She addresses the corruption seen in Chicago's police force. Her solution to creating a less negative police force is to induct women into the force.</text>
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                <text>Addams despairs upon hearing the news that Europe is at war.  She spots a German ocean liner anchored in Frenchman's Bay, Maine, not far from her summer cottage. She believes that the war will turn back the clock on social progress and take a toll on social services. Even so, she constantly remains confident that people of varying ethnicities and backgrounds can work together in harmony, often citing her work at Chicago's Hull House as a paramount example. This idea of internationalism and working together for peace follows her through the war and after.</text>
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Frenchman's Bay, Maine</text>
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                <text>In response to a proclamation by President Wilson, churches across the nation hold services to pray for peace.  At a meeting hall in Chicago, Addams, along with the governor of Illinois and religious leaders, petition for peace. Police reserves are called out for overflows as the services attract twice as many worshippers as usual.</text>
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Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017.&#13;
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“Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.</text>
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The Hague, The Netherlands </text>
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Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017.&#13;
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Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017.&#13;
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Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017.&#13;
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“Miss Addams Finds War Idea Supreme.” The New York Times: 24 Jun. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,970: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.&#13;
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“Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.&#13;
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Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017.&#13;
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“Miss Addams Finds War Idea Supreme.” The New York Times: 24 Jun. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,970: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.&#13;
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Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017.&#13;
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Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017.&#13;
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“Miss Addams Finds War Idea Supreme.” The New York Times: 24 Jun. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,970: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.&#13;
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“Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.</text>
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