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                <text>1867-present&#13;
Founded in 1867, Armour quickly became one of the largest companies in the United States.Chicago and Union Stockyard quickly became the center of the American meatpacking industry; by 1880 Armour was Chicago’s leading industrial enterprise and employer. Armour also had an international reach, as evidenced by the 1911 French advertisement below. One of their milk glass jars was found at the Charnley-Persky House in 2010. Armour is still in business today, a subsidiary of Pinnacle Foods. &#13;
RRH</text>
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                <text>Rebecca Graff (photograph)&#13;
Public Domain (advertisement)</text>
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                <text>Yergin's Russian Oil </text>
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                <text>1890-1922?&#13;
Frank Yergin sold his Paris, Illinois drugstore in 1890 with the intention of moving to Chicago to focus on manufacturing his own products. An advertisement for his Russian Oil is shown below; tin 1916, his wife is listed as the proprietor of Yergin’s Pharmacy. Frank died in 1920, his wife in 1922; the pharmacy likely closed soon after.&#13;
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                <text>1897-1922?&#13;
John J. Schmitt became a pharmacist at the turn of the 20th-century, opening his own drugstore at the corner of Clark and Arlington Place as early as 1897. He remained in the same location (pictured below in an undated photograph) at least until the early 1920s.&#13;
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                <text>1871-1923&#13;
In 1871, A. G. Burley &amp; Co. (established 1838) became Burley &amp; Tyrrell, importers of glassware and china; the retail business was sold to a nephew in 1883, calling itself Burley &amp; Co. (advertised below in 1902). The companies existed side by side until 1907, when they were rejoined; ceramic bases with makers’ marks from Burley &amp; Tyrrell and from Burley &amp; Co. were found at the Charnley-Persky House (See below). The company was sod to Albert Pick &amp; Co. in 1923. &#13;
RRH</text>
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                <text>Ryan J. Cook (photograph)&#13;
Public Domain (advertisement)&#13;
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                <text>"Is it time to retire the Pledge of Allegiance?"</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;"We're about the only nation to pledge allegiance to a flag, and we do it without even understanding why we do so. Perhaps it's time to consider retiring this anachronistic practice, or at least finding a meaningful replacement."&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Paul M. Howey does a quick review of what the Pledge of Allegiance truly means and how most Americans seem to bypass this understanding when actually reciting it.</text>
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                <text>Howey, Paul M. "Is It Time to Retire the Pledge of Allegiance?" Tribunedigital-chicagotribune. 2008. Accessed November 13, 2016. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-07-06/news/0807050312_1_francis-bellamy-pledge-flag-sales" target="_blank"&gt;http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-07-06/news/0807050312_1_francis-bellamy-pledge-flag-sales&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Swett, Sebastian. "Pledge of Allegiance Turns 120 Years Old." Tribunedigital-chicagotribune. 2012. Accessed November 13, 2016. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-09-07/opinion/ct-perspec-0907-pledge-20120907_1_francis-bellamy-pledge-youth-s-companion" target="_blank"&gt;http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-09-07/opinion/ct-perspec-0907-pledge-20120907_1_francis-bellamy-pledge-youth-s-companion&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;"Indeed, the pledge's great unresolved question is the primary question now facing us. The pledge closes with a promise of "liberty and justice for all." Yet these two ideals are uneasy partners. Can one person take actions that harm society at large in the name of freedom? Can our government determine each citizen's fair share in the name of justice?"&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebastian Swett looks at the Pledge as an opportunity for Americans to prove they are truly in support of the ideals that have made America great. In both reciting and refusing to stand for the pledge, Americans have the opportunity to see what the United States can become.</text>
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                <text>EXERCISES IN SCHOOL.: YOUNG AMERICA DOES HONOR TO THE MEMORY OF  COLUMBUS</text>
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                <text>"A flag was then raised followed by a military salute by the pupils. While their little hands were raised to their foreheads they began to repeat this pledge: I pledge allegiance to my flag and the republic for which it stands; one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. When the words 'my country' were reached their right hands were extended toward the colors and they remained in this position till the end of the affirmation."&#13;
&#13;
This article details the festivities and rituals of Columbus Day in 1892. By doing so, they introduce the practice of reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, and how the flag salute honors the memory of Columbus.</text>
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                <text>"Exercises at School: Young America Does Honor to the Memory of Columbus." Chicago Daily Tribune (Chicago), October 20, 1892.</text>
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                <text>"Every school in Chicago, yes, every school in the United States, should require of its pupils on every Flag Day, and on every holiday, when the flag is raised, to stand at attention and give the pledge."&#13;
&#13;
Harry B. Garrett writes a short opinion based article on the Pledge of Allegiance during its early years. Garrett, a proud supporter of the Pledge requirement in schools, does not argue that it should be recited every day but only for holidays and major events.</text>
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                <text>Garrett, Harry B. "The Pledge to the Flag." Chicago Tribune (Chicago), December 10, 1916.</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;"A nationwide celebration of the golden anniversary of the flag pledge is being promoted this week by the Daughters of the American Revolution."&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage-based membership service organization for women who are directly descended from a person involved in the United States' struggle for independence. They were and are still in overwhelming support of the Pledge of Allegiance.</text>
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                <text>"The Senate Judiciary Committee today approved the best-known version of the pledge of allegiance to the United States flag as the official pledge." From the New York Times, November 27, 1945. </text>
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                <text>"The House passed and sent to the Senate today a measure to make 'official' the pledge of allegiance to the flag which schoolchildren throughout the nation know by heart." From a New York  Time article June 5, 1945. </text>
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                <text>Harold Roberts, a fellow Youth Companion staff member, passed away on August 28, 1952. Significantly, he testified to Bellamy's authorship of the Pledge. From a New York Times article August 29, 1953.  </text>
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                <text>In 1954, the House Judiciary Committee took up the issue of changing the wording of the pledge to introduce the phrase "one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." From a New York Times article May 26, 1954. </text>
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                <text>"A Library of Congress report said today that evidence about the disputed authorship of the pledge of allegiance to the flag is overwhelminly in favor of the late Francis Bellamy." From a New York Times article dated September 13, 1957.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>Rep. James Fulston of Pennsylvania introduced a resolution to a &lt;a href="/items/show/80" target="_blank"&gt;"civil rights clause"&lt;/a&gt; to the Pledge of Allegiance, which would read as follows: "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands, one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty, &lt;em&gt;equality of opportunity and equal justice under law for all."&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;From a New York Times article August 30, 1963.</text>
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                <text>A New York Times article from March 9, 1937, describes students engaged in a Nazi-style salute of the flag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#13;
&lt;div class="index_article_subtitle_list"&gt;&#13;
&lt;div class="index_article_subtitle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;"Row Raised Over New Pledge to Flag With Extended Arm—Principals Assail Idea&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div class="index_divide_line"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div class="index_article_lede"&gt;"A new type of flag salute, recommended by the State Department of Education and submitted to the principals through a circular issued by Harold G. Campbell, Superintendent of Schools, has brought confusion and uncertainty as to the proper method of pledging allegiance to the American flag, it was learned yesterday."&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See the partial article at &lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1937/03/09/archives/schools-here-try-nazitype-salute-row-raised-over-new-pledge-to-flag.html" target="_blank"&gt;NYTimes.com&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>Mace, Emily</text>
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