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This written piece about the Pledge seeks to denote and understand what each word means. <br /><br />A transcript is as follows: <br /><br />When I was a small boy in Vincennes, Indiana, I heard, I think, one of the most outstanding speeches I ever heard in my life. I think it compares with the Sermon on the Mount, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, and Socrates’ Speech to the Students. <br /><br />We had just finished reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, and he [Mr. Lasswell, the Principal of Vincennes High School] called us all together, and he says, “Uh, boys and girls, I have been listening to you recite the Pledge of Allegiance all semester, and it seems that it has become monotonous to you. Or, could it be, you do not understand the meaning of each word? If I may, I would like to recite the pledge, and give you a definition for each word: <br /><br /><strong>I --</strong> Me; an individual; a committee of one. <br /><strong>Pledge --</strong> Dedicate all of my worldly good to give without self-pity. <br /><strong>Allegiance --</strong> My love and my devotion. <br /><strong>To the Flag --</strong> Our standard. “Old Glory”; a symbol of courage. And wherever she waves, there is respect, because your loyalty has given her a dignity that shouts “Freedom is everybody's job.” <br /><strong>of the United</strong> -- That means we have all come together. <br />States -- Individual communities that have united into 48 great states; 48 individual communities with pride and dignity and purpose; all divided by imaginary boundaries, yet united to a common cause, and that’s love of country -- <br /><strong>Of America</strong>. <br /><strong>And to the Republic</strong> -- A Republic: a sovereign state in which power is invested into the representatives chosen by the people to govern; and the government is the people; and it's from the people to the leaders, not from the leaders to the people. <br /><strong>For which it stands One Nation</strong> -- Meaning \"so blessed by God.\" <br /><strong>[Under God]</strong>&nbsp;<br /><strong>Indivisible</strong> -- Incapable of being divided. <br /><strong>With Liberty</strong> -- Which is freedom; the right of power for one to live his own life without fears, threats, or any sort of retaliation. <br /><strong>And Justice</strong> -- The principle and qualities of dealing fairly with others. <br /><strong>For All</strong> -- For All. That means, boys and girls, it's as much your country as it is mine. <br /><br />Now let me hear you recite the Pledge of Allegiance: I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic, for which it stands; one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. <br /><br />Since I was a small boy, two states have been added to our country, and two words have been added to the Pledge of Allegiance: Under God. Wouldn't it be a pity if someone said, \"That is a prayer\" -- and that be eliminated from our schools, too?<br />[end transcription]"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"209","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"224"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/d82c363529646458dd75892050be15a5.jpg"],["authentication","f74171252eba104f22574fbc4deda610"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"595"},["text","United States Code Title 4. Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States, Chapter 1. The Flag"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"596"},["text","2016-05-09"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"597"},["text","Federal Law"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"702"},["text","Title 4 establishes the manner and conduct concerning the Pledge of Allegiance, as follows: <br /><br />\"§4. Pledge of allegiance to the flag; manner of delivery The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag: “I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.”, should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. (Added Pub. L. 105–225, §2(a), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1494; amended Pub. L. 107–293, §2(a), Nov. 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 2060.)\" <br /><br /><a href=\"Source:%20https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title4/html/USCODE-2011-title4-chap1.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Source: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title4/html/USCODE-2011-title4-chap1.htm</a>"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8598"},["text","English"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8599"},["text","<a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title4/html/USCODE-2011-title4-chap1.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title4/html/USCODE-2011-title4-chap1.htm</a>"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"180","public":"1","featured":"0"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"592"},["text","National Pledge of Allegiance Day"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"593"},["text","1989-08-19"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"594"},["text","Presidential proclamation"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"703"},["text","<strong>President George Bush Sr. Proclaims National Pledge of Allegiance Day</strong> <br /><br />\"On September 8, 1892, the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag first appeared in print. Today, nearly a century later, the words penned by Francis Bellamy in observance of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America are among the most widely recited verses of American literature.\" <br /><br />Full text available via the American Presidency Project at UCSB: <a href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=1731\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=1731</a>"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"177","public":"1","featured":"0"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"583"},["text","Illinois Administrative Code"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"584"},["text","March 2, 2016"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"585"},["text","State Administrative Code"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"709"},["text","The Illinois statutes regarding public education include a portion dedicated to teaching American patriotism in schools, as follows: <br />\"Each school shall provide instruction in American patriotism, the principles of representative government, as enunciated in the American Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States of America and the Constitution of the State of Illinois, and the proper use and display of the American flag. The Pledge of Allegiance shall be recited daily in nonpublic schools supported or maintained in whole or in part by public funds. (Sections 27-3 and 27-4 of the School Code) Not less than one hour per week shall be devoted to the study of this subject matter in the seventh and eighth grades or their equivalent and in all high school grades. No student shall receive a certificate of graduation from the eighth grade or from high school without passing an examination on these subjects. No student shall be graduated from the eighth grade unless he or she has received instruction in the history of the United States and has given evidence of a comprehensive knowledge of the subject. (Section 27-21 of the School Code [105 ILCS 5/27-21])\" <a href=\"ftp://www.ilga.gov/jcar/admincode/023/023004250000300R.html\" target=\"_blank\">Source</a>."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8595"},["text","Illinois State Administrative Code"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8596"},["text","English"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8597"},["text","See the following government document for more information: <br /><a href=\"ftp://www.ilga.gov/jcar/admincode/023/023004250000300R.html\" target=\"_blank\">ftp://www.ilga.gov/jcar/admincode/023/023004250000300R.html</a>"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"175","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"2297"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/ee59a0894a9c545b9a2e15307f9d889d.pdf"],["authentication","e3e7e3cd33f7cf49393ed9c58c522edf"]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"577"},["text","\"The Power of the Parental Trump Card: How and Why Frazier v. Winn Got it Right\""]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"578"},["text","2010-08-20"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"579"},["text","Law Review"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"713"},["text","This law review conducted by the Chicago-Kent College of Law examines the relationships between free speech, the right of parental choice in a child's upbringing, and the right of the State to establish patriotism in public schools. <br /><br />\"On July 23, 2008, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit dealt with such a question in <em>Frazier v. Winn</em>. In that case, the court appropriately affirmed that children's right to free speech is only as expansive as their parents allow, justified by the parents' fundamental right to rear their children as they see fit.\" <br /><br />Citation: Jocelyn Floyd, The Power of the Parental Trump Card: How and Why Frazier v. Winn Got It Right, 85 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 791 (2010)."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8592"},["text","This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact <a href=\"%20mailto:dginsberg@kentlaw.iit.edu.\" target=\"_blank\">dginsberg@kentlaw.iit.edu</a>."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8593"},["text","English"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8594"},["text","<br />Available at:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol85/iss2/11\" target=\"_blank\">http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol85/iss2/11</a>"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"165","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"176"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/50c3353a5224851f0d836f0656875162.jpg"],["authentication","b30bcbe39e99ff6a958dccdff60b5ed4"]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"549"},["text","World's Fair Main Court"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4085"},["text","Statue of the Republic in 1893 "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4086"},["text","Getty Images and Chicago History Museum"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4087"},["text","1893"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4088"},["text","In the Public Domain"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4089"},["text","Still Image"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4090"},["text","82 KB"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4091"},["text","500 x 363 pixels JPEG"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4092"},["text","RGB"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"164","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"175"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/4c369088b80e5a9dd5a95d6f8412ffca.jpg"],["authentication","bf10f2658190423e69d4ef89aa46d7be"]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"548"},["text","World's Fair Ticket"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1555"},["text","Direct copy of an original ticket to the 1893 World's Fair"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4078"},["text","Digital Research Library of Illinois History<br />http://livinghistoryofillinois.com/1893_worlds_columbian_exposition_chicago_illinois.html"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4079"},["text","1893-10-09"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4080"},["text","Public Domain Image"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4081"},["text","Still Image"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4082"},["text","213 KB"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4083"},["text","500 x 500 pixels JPEG"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"4084"},["text","RGB"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"163","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"174"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/10d4bf7e76031b33f1bd0c5bc9ec91c7.pdf"],["authentication","04ea765829122599ab86505016e76ec4"]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"545"},["text","Senate Directs the Architect of the Capitol to Engrave the Pledge of Allegiance"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"546"},["text","2009-07-10"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"547"},["text","Congressional Record"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"733"},["text","\"Mr. WYDEN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent the Senate proceed to the immediate consideration of H. Con. Res. 131 at the desk and just received from the House.\"\r\n\r\nThe decision to engrave the Pledge of Allegiance into a national monument passes the senate without debate."]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"162","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"173"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/268f247495f97023636db5c474f30a9d.pdf"],["authentication","63bdf29e2a64f3e91b8d15f036139db8"]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"542"},["text","Engraving Pledge and National Motto of \"In God We Trust\" in the Capitol Visitor Center"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"543"},["text","2009-06-12"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"544"},["text","Congressional Record"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1557"},["text","\"The resolution consists of one section. Subsection (a) of Section 1 directs the Architect of the Capitol to engrave the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag and the national motto in the Capitol Visitor Center pursuant to an engraving plan.\r\nSubsection (b) of Section 1 requires the Architect to complete the engraving of the Pledge and the motto pursuant to an engraving plan approved by the Committee on House Administration and the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. \"\r\n\r\nThe Committee on House Administration, to whom was referred the concurrent resolution (H. Con. Res. 131) directing the Architect of the Capitol to engrave the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag and the National Motto of ‘‘In God We Trust’’ in the Capitol Visitor Center, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon without amendment and recommends that the concurrent resolution be agreed to. "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1558"},["text","U.S. Congress. House. Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. Directing the Architect of the Capitol to Engrave the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag and the National Motto of \"In God We Trust\" in the Capitol Visitor Center, June 12, 2009, 111-1 House Report 111-152. 111th Cong., 1st sess. H. Rept. S.l: S.n., 2009.\r\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8609"},["text","United States Congress"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8610"},["text","English"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"161","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"172"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/c84f8a91921cd6c1d7a99aa362c6d3e1.pdf"],["authentication","c1b3dfe00266c513507d36bcc2b4fdf1"]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"539"},["text","Senate Declares June 14, 2004 as \"National Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag Day\""]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"540"},["text","2004-06-14"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"541"},["text","Congressional Record"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1559"},["text","From the Congressional Record for June 14, 2004: \r\n\"But today is also special for another reason. As the resolution also notes, today is the 50th anniversary of the modern version of the Pledge of Allegiance. The pledge has come under attack in recent years, however. Two years ago, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, the Federal court of appeals based in San Francisco, ruled in the case of Newdow v. United States Congress, 328 F.3d 466 (9th Cir. 2002), that the establishment clause of the first amendment of the Constitution forbids public school teachers from leading willing students in the voluntary recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance, simply because the pledge confirms that our Nation was founded ‘‘under God.’’  \r\n\r\nThe Senate discussed the benefits of having a National Pledge of Allegiance Day.  \"The majority opinion does state that, ‘‘as its history illustrates, the Pledge of Allegiance evolved as a common public acknowledgement of the ideals that our flag symbolizes. Its recitation is a patriotic exercise designed to foster national unity and pride in those principles.’’ This passage suggests that the majority would uphold the Pledge of Allegiance against constitutional attack under the establishment clause. I hope that that is ultimately what the Court will do. I hope that the Court will ultimately vote to uphold and protect the Pledge of Allegiance. \""]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1560"},["text","U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs,. Resolution Directing the Senate Legal Counsel to Bring a Civil Action to Enforce a Subpoena of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations: Report of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, on S. Res. 377. S. Rept."]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"160","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"171"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/72e7eeaa31d57829780a32234eb0dd1a.pdf"],["authentication","19cac61a9748334919981a666acc0508"]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"536"},["text","Senate - Reaffirmation of Pledge"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"537"},["text","2002-10-17"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"538"},["text","Congressional Record"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"159","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"170"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/d563dc4cd31dbb5d3bb850184c75017b.pdf"],["authentication","22f367c2ea6908e1e5354a69b9c95862"]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"533"},["text","House of Representatives - The Words \"Under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"534"},["text","2002-10-17"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"535"},["text","Congressional Record"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1562"},["text","Hon. Steve Israel rises in the House of Representatives to speak in strong support of the phrase \"Under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance. \r\n\r\n\"The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States originated on Columbus Day, 1893. It contained no reference to Almighty God, until in New York City on April 22, 1951, the Board of Directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the Pledge of Allegiance as recited at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by the addition of the words 'under God' after the words ‘one nation’. The adoption of this resolve by the Supreme Board of Directors had the effect of an immediate initiation of this practice throughout the aforesaid Fourth Degree Assembly meetings.\""]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1563"},["text","U.S. Congress. House. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks: THE WORDS ‘‘UNDER GOD’’ IN THE PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE TO THE FLAG HON. STEVE ISRAEL OF NEW YORK. 107th Cong., 1st sess. H. Rept."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8611"},["text","United States Congress"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8612"},["text","U.S. Congressional Record"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"8613"},["text","English"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"155","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"166"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/85bbb59970df86fb539ebfd39723b6e2.jpg"],["authentication","611b8c093fadd9796a47b3cd7977e8c1"]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials."]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"523"},["text","Jane Addams and the Peace Movement"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"524"},["text","Jane with other delegates to First International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"525"},["text","All photographs are the property of the Swarthmore College Peace Collection."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1423"},["text","1915-04-28"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"154","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"597"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/21fe516de5c4a6214aa1d0418b587eca.png"],["authentication","44d8e46f3ee32ecfb00273f286f42efa"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"163"},["text","Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials."]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"521"},["text","Lea & Perrins"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"522"},["text","1837-present\r\nAfter attempting to replicate an Indian recipe, John Wheeley Lea and William Perrins introduced their Worcestershire sauce around 1837. The sauce was sold internationally by 1870, allowing for American manufacture of the sauce. The American magazine Collier’s advertised the sauce for “good housewives” and “all leading chefs and cooks” (see 1911 ad below). Lea & Perrins remains in production today. \r\nRRH"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"2079"},["text","Public Domain"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"153","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"164"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/e8920ac9766741b7c4b4c6e76853fdff.jpg"],["authentication","36b4c0caa18bf49166d6073607a973e2"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"163"},["text","Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials."]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"519"},["text","Piver's Powders and Perfumes Advertisement"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"520"},["text","A print advertisement for L. T. Piver's face powders and perfumes. "]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"152","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"161"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/833bd2f5e1525efb4a4814e4b130dafa.jpg"],["authentication","e556f6f69fa79eebd9d5feed12f07c37"]],["file",{"fileId":"162"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/ec0ea09a2397d69f1452734868c90a95.jpg"],["authentication","61387f36f2aff746c211a7ec89486dc2"]],["file",{"fileId":"163"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/d687248df2ea98bc64ec6eacea2d8010.jpg"],["authentication","12f1e56391b8f5974aac8c3c2fc8fe7a"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"163"},["text","Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials."]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"517"},["text","James C. Crane's Crême Elcaya Advertisements"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"518"},["text","Print advertisements for James C. Crane's Crème Elcaya. "]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"151","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"585"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/d98ce543c9243a009d67790014147ca2.png"],["authentication","208d7b865f3d7e71917747e20499ef3c"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"163"},["text","Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials."]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"515"},["text","Dr. J. Parker Pray "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"516"},["text","1868-?\r\n Dr. J. Parker Pray’s story is inextricably tied to that of his first wife, Mary E. Cobb. Having been trained as a manicurist shortly after their 1874 marriage, Cobb opened her first salon in 1878. Pray was originally a chiropodist, but had expanded into manufacture of podiatry and toilet goods in 1868. The company split in two after the couple’s 1884 divorce, with Pray marketing himself as “the originator of Manicure Art and Goods in America.”  Pray remained in business into the 1920s, selling mostly toilet creams and powders (as in the 1912 ad below), but it is unclear when the company folded. \r\nRRH"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"150","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"159"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/9b3233c4e6a8099db0641986a6e8d31f.jpg"],["authentication","357519ed942d337351ced5b15de1ce0a"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"163"},["text","Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials."]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"513"},["text","Alexis Godillot Jeune Olive Oil "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"514"},["text","The neck of a bottle of Alexis Godillot Jeune's olive oil, produced in Bordeaux, France, found at the Charnley-Persky House. "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"969"},["text","Ryan J. Cook (photograph)"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"149","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"158"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/d95a0e4f45323c712a8d9c8877286348.jpg"],["authentication","9165886b654dcc126677f693ad1e6ea4"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"163"},["text","Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials."]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"511"},["text","Ball Jar"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"512"},["text","Glass sherds from a jar made by the Ball Corporation, found at the Charnley-Persky House. "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"968"},["text","Ryan J. Cook (photographer)"]]]]]]]],["item",{"itemId":"148","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"563"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/18121e0bbda599674c9641c873d934f9.png"],["authentication","b6ffd5449da118c13f90db022a9debc6"]],["file",{"fileId":"157"},["src","https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/472ad86b0b050c022d3c6b3dba9d96b9.jpg"],["authentication","93244280d2b516602609bab8747b3968"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"163"},["text","Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials."]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"509"},["text","H. J. Heinz Company "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"510"},["text","An 8-year-old Henry John Heinz began his entrepreneurial career in 1852 selling extra vegetables from his mother’s garden; seven years later, he started bottling and selling horseradish. In 1869, Heinz and L. Clarence Noble launch Heinz and Noble, selling horseradish in clear glass bottles, using clear bottles rather than green glass (traditionally used for horseradish) to highlight the product’s purity. In 1876, Heinz joined with two of his relatives to launch F & J Heinz, selling Heinz Tomato Ketchup for the first time. Ten years later, production expanded to England. Heinz Ketchup was first sold in its iconic octagonal-shaped glass bottle in 1890, an example of which was found at the Charnley-Persky House and can be seen below. Heinz’s famous “57 Varieties” campaign was born in 1896 when, famously, Henry Heinz saw an advertisement for “21 varieties” of shoes while riding a train in New York City; at the time, Heinz sold more than 60 products, but the number 57 stuck out to him. The 1916 advertisement below uses the slogan, and it remains in use today Heinz died in 1919 at 75, and the company was run by the Heinz family until 1966 when the first non-family member CEO took charge and expanded the company globally. The company was acquired by Warren Buffett’s investment firm in 2013 for $26 billion and continues to produce “America’s Favorite Ketchup.”"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"967"},["text","Ryan J. Cook (photograph)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1956"},["text","The Ladies’ Home Journal. Family Media. Volume 33. 1916. (advertisement)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1957"},["text","Ryan J. Cook (photograph)\r\nPublic Domain (advertisement)"]]]]]]]]]