Browse Items (1845 total)

In 1954, the House Judiciary Committee took up the issue of changing the wording of the pledge to introduce the phrase "one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." From a New York Times article May 26, 1954.

Harold Roberts, a fellow Youth Companion staff member, passed away on August 28, 1952. Significantly, he testified to Bellamy's authorship of the Pledge. From a New York Times article August 29, 1953.

"The House passed and sent to the Senate today a measure to make 'official' the pledge of allegiance to the flag which schoolchildren throughout the nation know by heart." From a New York Time article June 5, 1945.

"The Senate Judiciary Committee today approved the best-known version of the pledge of allegiance to the United States flag as the official pledge." From the New York Times, November 27, 1945.

Chicago Daily Tribune article from November 7, 1892, page 8, with the headline "CHICAGO AND THE WORLD'S FAIR: Every Promise Made by This City Has Been Splendidly Redeemed"

"A nationwide celebration of the golden anniversary of the flag pledge is being promoted this week by the Daughters of the American Revolution." The Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage-based membership service organization for women who…

"Ever since its been announced that there would be a national school celebration in observance of Columbus day the Chicago school children have been in a state of delight."

The Chicago Tribune details the itinerary for most public schools during…

"Every school in Chicago, yes, every school in the United States, should require of its pupils on every Flag Day, and on every holiday, when the flag is raised, to stand at attention and give the pledge."

Harry B. Garrett writes a short opinion…

"A flag was then raised followed by a military salute by the pupils. While their little hands were raised to their foreheads they began to repeat this pledge: I pledge allegiance to my flag and the republic for which it stands; one nation,…

"Indeed, the pledge's great unresolved question is the primary question now facing us. The pledge closes with a promise of "liberty and justice for all." Yet these two ideals are uneasy partners. Can one person take actions that harm society at large…

"We're about the only nation to pledge allegiance to a flag, and we do it without even understanding why we do so. Perhaps it's time to consider retiring this anachronistic practice, or at least finding a meaningful replacement." Paul M. Howey does a…

1871-1923
In 1871, A. G. Burley & Co. (established 1838) became Burley & Tyrrell, importers of glassware and china; the retail business was sold to a nephew in 1883, calling itself Burley & Co. (advertised below in 1902). The companies existed side…

1897-1922?
John J. Schmitt became a pharmacist at the turn of the 20th-century, opening his own drugstore at the corner of Clark and Arlington Place as early as 1897. He remained in the same location (pictured below in an undated photograph) at…

1890-1922?
Frank Yergin sold his Paris, Illinois drugstore in 1890 with the intention of moving to Chicago to focus on manufacturing his own products. An advertisement for his Russian Oil is shown below; tin 1916, his wife is listed as the…

1867-present
Founded in 1867, Armour quickly became one of the largest companies in the United States.Chicago and Union Stockyard quickly became the center of the American meatpacking industry; by 1880 Armour was Chicago’s leading industrial…

An advertisement for the Tildesley Company's Yacht Club Salad Dressing and a piece of one of their bottles found at the Charnley-Persky House.

"The Crofts focus on the addition of the word "pray" [**30] without examining the other changes. But the amendments were introduced as a package to change the start of every school day to include the pledges of allegiance and a more comprehensive…

"There can be no doubt but that the flag is symbolic speech and by its very nature is communicative of ideas, goals and beliefs. Within the ambit of freedom of speech protected by the first amendment compulsory speech or expression of belief is just…

"There is no suggestion here that the government's power to coerce has been used to further the interests of Christianity or Judaism in any way. No one was compelled to observe or participate in any religious ceremony or activity. Neither the city…

"It is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government; though the Federal Constitution's First Amendment does not allow the…

"Freedom of conscience and of worship is the cornerstone of the foundation of our nation. There is no 'official' church in this country; indeed, it is indisputable that many of our forebears [**10] came to America to escape the established church and…

"The requirement of participation by pupils in public schools in the ceremony of saluting the national flag does not, in the case of a pupil who refuses participation upon sincere religious grounds, infringe, without due process of law, the liberty…

"There is no doubt that, in connection with the pledges, the flag salute is a form of utterance. Symbolism is a primitive but effective way of communicating ideas. The use of an emblem or flag to symbolize some system, idea, institution, or…

"The Declaration of Independence refers to 'the Supreme judge of the world', and 'the protection of Divine Providence'. Lincoln, at Gettysburg, spoke of 'this nation, under God'. Even the preamble to the New York Constitution expresses gratitude 'to…

"The salute of the flag is a gesture of love and respect ­­ fine when there is real love and respect back of the gesture. The flag is dishonored by a salute by a child in reluctant and terrified obedience to a command of secular authority which…

"As for the pledge: I believe it is untrue ('Liberty and justice for all') and I refuse to swear to a lie."

"Three students refused to say and stand for the Pledge of Allegiance because of a belief that the words "with liberty and justice for…

Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/466/600/2361432/ "Any alleged religious overtones to those activities are not grounds for refusing to teach them. See Smith v. Denny, 280 F. Supp. 651 (E.D.Cal.1968)." From the case…

"Patriotism is an effort by the state to promote its own survival, and along the way to teach those virtues that justify its survival. Public schools help to transmit those virtues and values. Separation of church from state does not imply separation…

From the case: "Petitioner school district requires each elementary school class to recite daily the Pledge of Allegiance. Respondent Newdow’s daughter participates in this exercise. Newdow, an atheist, filed suit alleging that, because the Pledge…

"It may be useful to note our belief that most citizens of the United States willingly recite the Pledge of Allegiance and proudly sing the national anthem. But the rights embodied in the Constitution, most particularly in the First Amendment,…