1 30 1845 https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/796d2380c510f3ddd331227e446c804d.jpg e18894a198da96ac0c7903277c3e652a Interactive Resource A resource requiring interaction from the user to be understood, executed, or experienced. Examples include forms on Web pages, applets, multimedia learning objects, chat services, or virtual reality environments. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Joint Resolution of 1954 - Amendment Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954-06-14 Description An account of the resource The 1954 amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance sees the full addition of "Under God" into the Pledge of Allegiance. The addition of "Under God" represents more than just a success by the Hearst Campaign. It is a point in history where a major controversy relating to the relationship of religion and state is born. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived United States. Joint Resolution of June 14, 1954, Public Law 83-396, 68 STAT 249, to Amend the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America 1789 - 2011. Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789 - 2011. Department of State. 9/1789- (Predecessor) National Archives and Records Administration. Office of the Federal Register. 4/1/1985- (Most Recent). Accessed July 25, 2016. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/5730382. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Archives Catalog Type The nature or genre of the resource Congressional Record https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/4de689fafd5214fc0ba0c93214547236.jpg 0f8e299ce231384bbfc12ef4e04e2344 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jane Addams Description An account of the resource Sociologist, suffragette, social worker, philosopher, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Jane Addams, c. 1924 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available This work is from the George Grantham Bain collection at the Library of Congress Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1924-1926. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource According to the Library of Congress, there are no known copyright restrictions on the use of this work. Interactive Resource A resource requiring interaction from the user to be understood, executed, or experienced. Examples include forms on Web pages, applets, multimedia learning objects, chat services, or virtual reality environments. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Holloman v. Walker County Board of Education Description An account of the resource "'Even if Holloman has a First Amendment right to hold his fist in the air during the recitation of the Pledge in class, such a right was not "clearly established.'" "Holloman's complaint alleges: (1) that plaintiff, while a student, was forced by defendant, Walker County Board of Education, and by defendants, Allred and Harland, who were school officials, to recite the pledge of allegiance and/or to salute the flag of the United States of America; (2) that plaintiff was subjected to punishment for refusing to comply with the compulsory pledge and salute; and (3) that plaintiff was forced by defendant Allred, his teacher, to sit in class at Parrish High School during first period for a school-sanctioned "prayer request" and a moment of silence. Harland, plaintiff's principal, is not implicated in the "prayer request" or the "moment of silence" issues." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Holloman v. Walker County Board of Education, 1 40 (UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT May 28, 2004) <a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/334/1286/2520674/" target="_blank">https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/334/1286/2520674/</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-05-28 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Circle School v. Pappert Description An account of the resource "It may be useful to note our belief that most citizens of the United States willingly recite the Pledge of Allegiance and proudly sing the national anthem. But the rights embodied in the Constitution, most particularly in the First Amendment, protect the minority ­­ those persons who march to their own drummers." 4 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 7­771(c) mandated that all public, private, and parochial schools within the Commonwealth display the national flag in every classroom and provide for the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance or the national anthem every school day. It allowed private schools to opt out on religious grounds, and students could opt out on religious or personal grounds; however, it required school officials to notify, in writing, parents or guardians of those students who did not participate. The court held that the parental notification clause clearly discriminated among students based on the viewpoints they expressed since it was only triggered when a student exercised his or her First Amendment right not to speak and the Commonwealth did not offer any convincing governmental interest for parental notification. The court also held that the statute, by applying to all schools, substantially burdened plaintiff schools' mission of "freedom of choices." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Circle School v. Pappert, 1 10 (UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT August 19, 2004) <a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/381/172/608218/" target="_blank">https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/381/172/608218/</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-08-19 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Supreme Court Case: Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow, 542 U.S. 1 (2004)" Description An account of the resource From the case: "Petitioner school district requires each elementary school class to recite daily the Pledge of Allegiance. Respondent Newdow’s daughter participates in this exercise. Newdow, an atheist, filed suit alleging that, because the Pledge contains the words “under God,” it constitutes religious indoctrination of his child in violation of the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived ELK GROVE UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT et al. v. NEWDOW et al. <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/542/1/" target="_blank">https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/542/1/</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sherman v. Community Consolidated School District 21 Description An account of the resource "Patriotism is an effort by the state to promote its own survival, and along the way to teach those virtues that justify its survival. Public schools help to transmit those virtues and values. Separation of church from state does not imply separation of state from state." Case summary: "The father of a minor son brought an action for damages against the school district and others and sought a declaration that a state statute that required the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance was unconstitutional. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the school district and others." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sherman v. School District 21 of Wheeling Township (UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT November 20, 1992) <a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/980/437/335765/" target="_blank">https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/980/437/335765/</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-11-20 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Palmer v. Board of Education Description An account of the resource Source: <a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/466/600/2361432/" target="_blank">https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/466/600/2361432/<br /> <br /></a>"Any alleged religious overtones to those activities are not grounds for refusing to teach them. See Smith v. Denny, 280 F. Supp. 651 (E.D.Cal.1968)." <br /><br />From the case summary: "When the teacher, a Jehovah's Witness, was hired to teach kindergarten, accommodations were made to have others instruct the teacher's students in patriotic exercises to which the teacher objected on religious grounds. The alternatives proved to be unduly burdensome; the following year the teacher was told to comply with the board's curriculum, including the patriotic exercises, but was given permission to express her own views to the class in a moderate way. Not only did the teacher refuse to comply, she proved to have serious deficiencies. When the teacher was discharged, she filed the instant action under 42 U.S.C.S. § 1983 and 28 U.S.C.S. § 1343(3). The case went before the court on competing motions, and the court granted the board's motion for summary judgment. The court held that dismissal was justified because the teacher's performance was such that the board would have discharged the teacher absent the protected activity. The teacher's behavior resulted in substantial class disruption. Refusal to follow the established curriculum was not protected. Reasonable accommodation was afforded when the teacher was permitted to express the teacher's own views to the class." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979-01-31 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frain v. Baron Description An account of the resource "As for the pledge: I believe it is untrue ('Liberty and justice for all') and I refuse to swear to a lie." "Three students refused to say and stand for the Pledge of Allegiance because of a belief that the words "with liberty and justice for all" were not true in America today. One was also an athiest who objected to "Under God" as well. The court denied the motion to dismiss and held that it was not incumbent upon the students to convince the court that the offered alternative of leaving the room constituted punishment. Rather, defendants must have convinced the court that the particular expression of protest chosen by the students, remaining seated, materially infringed the rights of other students or caused disruption." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frain v. Baron (UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK December 10, 1969) https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/307/27/1428426/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-12-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Holden v. Board of Education Description An account of the resource "The salute of the flag is a gesture of love and respect ­­ fine when there is real love and respect back of the gesture. The flag is dishonored by a salute by a child in reluctant and terrified obedience to a command of secular authority which clashes with the dictates of conscience. " Petitioner parents sought reinstatement of their children in the respondent Board of Education's schools. The children were excluded because they refused to pledge allegiance to the United States flag. Petitioners testified that they believed in the Islam religion and that its followers were taught that their sole allegiance was to Allah. They were further taught that the flag was but a symbol, and that it would be contrary to their teachings to pledge allegiance to any flag, including the flag of Islam. The court affirmed the judgment of the Commissioner of Education, finding that the decision was correct in determining that petitioner parents' children had complied with the statutory provisions when they claimed exemption from pledging allegiance to the flag on the grounds of conscientious scruples against such a pledge. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Holden v. Board of Education of the City of Elizabeth (January 24, 1966) https://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/supreme-court/1966/46-n-j-281-0.html Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-01-24 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lewis v. Commissioner of Education Description An account of the resource "The Declaration of Independence refers to 'the Supreme judge of the world', and 'the protection of Divine Providence'. Lincoln, at Gettysburg, spoke of 'this nation, under God'. Even the preamble to the New York Constitution expresses gratitude 'to Almighty God for our Freedom'. Indeed, the presidential oath of office concludes, 'So help me, God'. By act of Congress, our coins are inscribed, ''In God we trust''. (U. S. Code, tit. 31, § 324.)" The pledge of allegiance was amended by Congress to include the words "under God." Thereafter, the Commissioner amended the regulation to reflect the amended pledge. The parents objected to the use of the phrase "under God" and sought to compel the Commissioner to rescind the regulation. The court dismissed their petition, finding that no statutory duty required the Commissioner to rescind or revoke the regulation and, to the contrary, in amending the regulation the Commissioner was performing his duties under N.Y. Educ. Law § 802.The court also rejected the contention that the Commissioner could not perform that duty because including the words "under God" contravened the First Amendment, as the determination of constitutionality was exclusively in the domain of the judiciary. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Joseph Lewis et al., Petitioners, v. James E. Allen, Jr., as Commissioner of Education of the State of New York, Respondent (February 23, 1957) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957-02-23 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource West Virgina v. Barnette Description An account of the resource "There is no doubt that, in connection with the pledges, the flag salute is a form of utterance. Symbolism is a primitive but effective way of communicating ideas. The use of an emblem or flag to symbolize some system, idea, institution, or personality, is a short cut from mind to mind." The religious organization considered the flag to be an "image," and the act of saluting constituted a type of worship forbidden by their religious beliefs. Children of the religious organization had been expelled from school for failing to salute the American flag. Parents of such children were threatened with prosecutions for causing delinquency. The board asserted that it had the power to impose such a regulation and that it was not unconstitutional. The court held that the flag salute was a form of utterance protected by the First Amendment. The board's actions compelling the flag salute and pledge transcended the constitutional limitations of their power. The board was unable to restrict the religious organization's freedoms as expressed under the First Amendment. The court held that the action of the local authorities in compelling the flag salute and pledge transcended constitutional limitations on their power and invaded the sphere of intellect and spirit which was the purpose of the First Amendment to reserve from all official control. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived WEST VIRGINIA STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION ET AL. v. BARNETTE ET AL. (June 14, 1943) <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/319/624/case.html" target="_blank">https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/319/624/case.html</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-06-14 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Minersville v. Gobitis Description An account of the resource "The requirement of participation by pupils in public schools in the ceremony of saluting the national flag does not, in the case of a pupil who refuses participation upon sincere religious grounds, infringe, without due process of law, the liberty guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment." Case summary: "Students' father brought suit on their behalf after the students were expelled for refusing to participate in a flag­ salute ceremony at school. The father maintained that the students' religious beliefs as Jehovah's witnesses did not permit them to participate in the flag­salute ceremony. On review, the Court framed the issue as whether the requirement that the students participate in the ceremony, where their refusal to participate was based on religious grounds, infringed the due process right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the federal constitution." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived MINERSVILLE SCHOOL DISTRICT, ET AL. v. GOBITIS ET AL. (June 3, 1940)&nbsp;<a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/310/586/case.html" target="_blank">https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/310/586/case.html</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940-02-03 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Stone v. Graham Description An account of the resource <strong>"Freedom of conscience and of worship is the cornerstone of the foundation of our nation. There is no 'official' church in this country; indeed, it is indisputable that many of our forebears [**10] came to America to escape the established church and religious oppression. It is likewise true that once having achieved religious freedom for themselves, certain religious groups became remarkably intolerant of those who held dissimilar religious views, and they sought to employ the power of the state to further their religious beliefs."</strong> <br /><br />Case summary: The circuit court ruled that Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 158.178, requiring the posting of the Ten Commandments in every public school classroom, was constitutional. Thereafter, the civil liberties union appealed. On review, the court was equally divided on the issue and, pursuant to Ky. Sup. Ct. R. 1.020(1)(a), affirmed the judgment of the circuit court without an official opinion. The court framed the issue as to whether the commonwealth or its agents could require the Ten Commandments to be posted on a wall in each public elementary and secondary school classroom. The justices that would uphold the ruling of the circuit court reasoned that the knowledge, understanding, and dissemination of philosophical and ethical ideas, and the exposure of students to the various political, moral, and religious doctrines that are part of our heritage as human beings are certainly necessary and desirable goals in order to educate the young and help them become mature and informed adults. The justices that would overrule the circuit court's judgment held that Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 158.178 gave a preference to a particular creed contrary to Ky. Const. § 5 and, consequently, was void. The members of the court participating in the consideration of the appeal being equally divided, the judgment of the trial court stood as affirmed without an official opinion of the court. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Stone v. Graham, 6 (April 22, 1980) . Case summary: <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/449/39/case.html" target="_blank">https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/449/39/case.html</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980-04-22 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lee v. Weisman Description An account of the resource "It is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government; though the Federal Constitution's First Amendment does not allow the government to stifle prayers which aspire to the advancement of the sense of community and purpose sought by all decent societies, neither does the First Amendment permit the government to undertake that task for itself." In the public school system, principals were permitted to invite members of the clergy to offer invocation and benediction prayers as part of formal school graduation ceremonies. Respondent parent, whose daughter was scheduled to graduate from middle school, sought a temporary restraining order in the district court to prohibit school officials from including invocation or benediction in the graduation ceremony. The Court denied the motion for lack of adequate time for consideration. The parent then amended the complaint, seeking a permanent injunction barring the officials from inviting the clergy to deliver invocations and benedictions at future graduations, which the district court granted, and the court of appeals affirmed. The Court affirmed, holding that including clerical members who offered prayers as part of the official school graduation ceremony was inconsistent with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, which the Fourteenth Amendment made applicable with full force to the states and their school districts. The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment, holding that including clerical members who offered prayers as part of the official school graduation ceremony was inconsistent with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the Constitution, provisions the Fourteenth Amendment made applicable with full force to states and their school districts. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lee v. Weisman, 6 (June 24, 1992) https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/505/577/case.html Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-06-24 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource County of Allegheny v. ACLU Description An account of the resource "There is no suggestion here that the government's power to coerce has been used to further the interests of Christianity or Judaism in any way. No one was compelled to observe or participate in any religious ceremony or activity. Neither the city nor the county contributed significant amounts of tax money to serve the cause of one religious faith." Case summary: "Respondents alleged that the display of a creche and a Chanukah menorah in government buildings by petitioners violated the Establishment Clause, U.S. Const. amend. I. Respondents contended that the displays had the effect of endorsing religion. The Court examined whether the display of the creche and the menorah, in their respective particular settings, had the effect of endorsing or disapproving religious beliefs. The Court held that petitioners sent an unmistakable message that it supported and promoted the Christian praise to God that was the creche's religious message, and therefore held that the display of the creche was unconstitutional." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived COUNTY OF ALLEGHENY ET AL. v. AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, GREATER PITTSBURGH CHAPTER, ET AL., 1 52 (July 3, 1989) <br /><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/492/573/case.html" target="_blank">https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/492/573/case.html</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989-06-03 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Slocum v. The Fire and Police Commission of the City of East Peoria Description An account of the resource "There can be no doubt but that the flag is symbolic speech and by its very nature is communicative of ideas, goals and beliefs. Within the ambit of freedom of speech protected by the first amendment compulsory speech or expression of belief is just as proscribed as the prohibition or repression of speech." A complaint was filed with the commission alleging that the patrolman refused to obey an acting sergeant's verbal order and the chief of police's written order that he wear an American flag emblem on the sleeve of his uniform. The commission suspended the patrolman, finding that he had willfully obeyed a departmental order and an order of superior officer. The trial court affirmed the suspension. The patrolman appealed, claiming, among other things, that the orders constituted a violation of his First Amendment rights, that the orders were vague, that he was denied a fair hearing, and that the evidence was insufficient was sustain his suspension. The court affirmed, holding (1) the municipality could require the patrolmen to wear a flag emblem on his uniform because the municipality had the authority to set standards for the uniforms of the police force, and the flag display promoted the important governmental interest of encouraging and developing a sense of loyalty to the nation, (2) the record established that the patrolman understood the orders, and (3) the evidence was sufficient to sustain the suspension. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Woodrow Slocum, PlaintiffAppellant, v. The Fire and Police Commission of the City of East Peoria, Defendant Appellee, 1 7 (Appellate Court of Illinois, Third District November 16, 1972) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-11-16 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Croft v. Governor Perry Description An account of the resource <strong>"The Crofts focus on the addition of the word "pray" [**30] without examining the other changes. But the amendments were introduced as a package to change the start of every school day to include the pledges of allegiance and a more comprehensive list of appropriate activities during the minute of silence (itself changed from a period of silence); in fact, during the legislative process, it was purposefully changed from being a bill that amended the exercise of a right to pray to being one that amended the beginning of the school day."</strong> <br /><br />"The parents argued that the 2003 amendments to § 25.082(d) violated the Establishment Clause of U.S. Const. amend. I. Although the parents had standing to challenge the amendments to the minute of silence statute, the court of appeals determined that the amendments were constitutional and satisfied all three prongs of the Lemon analysis. There was no excessive entanglement, and the primary effect of the amendments was not to advance religion. The most difficult prong&shy;&shy;for § 25.082(d) and for moment of silence statutes generally&shy;&shy;was legislative purpose. But appellate review of legislative history was deferential, and such deference revealed an adequate secular purpose. While the court of appeals could not allow a "sham" legislative purpose, it deferred to the stated legislative intent of § 25.082(d), which was to promote patriotism and allow for a moment of quiet contemplation. These were valid secular purposes, and were not outweighed by limited legislative history showing that some legislators might have been motivated by religion. Because the amendments survived the Lemon test, they did not constitute an unconstitutional establishment of religion." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Croft v. Governor of the State of Texas, Rick Perry, 1 12 (UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT March 16, 2009) <br /><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/texas/txndce/3:2007cv01362/169652/40/" target="_blank">https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/texas/txndce/3:2007cv01362/169652/40/</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-03-16 Type The nature or genre of the resource Court Case https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/567fc2f70eafa8d5fec9e76ce28744ce.jpg e4dcfcb9e618f1405ab92eda4d8d356f https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/e85d09523e653ab97d28c38007dbfe26.JPG 9bb338adb31dac037fdf0a80f9d55433 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tildesley Company Description An account of the resource An advertisement for the Tildesley Company's Yacht Club Salad Dressing and a piece of one of their bottles found at the Charnley-Persky House. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://oldmainartifacts.wordpress.com/2014/07/15/tildesley-co-yacht-club-salad-dressing-chicago-il/ Photograph by Ryan J. Cook Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain (advertisement) Ryan J. Cook (photograph) https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/a4fb034ca60aa6a5e90c1aa387d93d1a.png 2261c3b8c380a62d474502dfb6e4ff6f https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/2f95d833666a3438032b162360328b02.jpg 5558896260711a0c78b4b98a27468508 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Armour & Company Description An account of the resource 1867-present Founded in 1867, Armour quickly became one of the largest companies in the United States.Chicago and Union Stockyard quickly became the center of the American meatpacking industry; by 1880 Armour was Chicago’s leading industrial enterprise and employer. Armour also had an international reach, as evidenced by the 1911 French advertisement below. One of their milk glass jars was found at the Charnley-Persky House in 2010. Armour is still in business today, a subsidiary of Pinnacle Foods. RRH Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rebecca Graff (photograph) Public Domain (advertisement) https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/d7228f911fa5df68089497a6545ab497.jpg 12102382a0c2935b273d12645d77c698 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Yergin's Russian Oil Description An account of the resource 1890-1922? Frank Yergin sold his Paris, Illinois drugstore in 1890 with the intention of moving to Chicago to focus on manufacturing his own products. An advertisement for his Russian Oil is shown below; tin 1916, his wife is listed as the proprietor of Yergin’s Pharmacy. Frank died in 1920, his wife in 1922; the pharmacy likely closed soon after. RRH Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/57d982317d2f5d101bff38a8736acf41.jpg c9232dbf94a50a174633352515fdb64b https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/d08f48c238003a4da4355649193ec518.jpg 2d474e5b5e2ee7ccdbc7ff11977c4e70 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Schoenhofen Brewery Description An account of the resource 1867-1951 Peter Schoenhofen bought out out his partner’s interest in 1867, renaming their brewery the Peter Schoenhofen Brewing Company. Its most popular product was Edelweiss beer (see advertisement below). After Prohibition, the company reopened (1933) under the name Schoenhofen-Edelweiss Company. In 1951, the company began using the name Dewery’s Ltd. after a buyout by the latter in the late 1940s. RRH Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain (advertisement) Ryan J. Cook (photograph) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ryan J. Cook (photograph) https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/d5f731bd09c029e740a59621807b39d9.jpg 06d1948239372df8c177bc11a984f6e5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John J. Schmitt Pharmacy Description An account of the resource 1897-1922? John J. Schmitt became a pharmacist at the turn of the 20th-century, opening his own drugstore at the corner of Clark and Arlington Place as early as 1897. He remained in the same location (pictured below in an undated photograph) at least until the early 1920s. RRH https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/f8269a95168e371a7a2d5dd29e979314.jpg 374f36a0110aee46922da398b4fe15c8 https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/268b517543414e486b1b574fef53b556.jpg 16c99a448afc0c7a1ab1402a513b4e8c https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/54eb1ae37f9d70ac4a9751d19c573aa5.jpg 67731836b8345293384d5351b1033d9a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charnley-Persky House Archaeological Project Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Burley & Company Description An account of the resource 1871-1923 In 1871, A. G. Burley & Co. (established 1838) became Burley & Tyrrell, importers of glassware and china; the retail business was sold to a nephew in 1883, calling itself Burley & Co. (advertised below in 1902). The companies existed side by side until 1907, when they were rejoined; ceramic bases with makers’ marks from Burley & Tyrrell and from Burley & Co. were found at the Charnley-Persky House (See below). The company was sod to Albert Pick & Co. in 1923. RRH Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Ryan J. Cook (photograph) Public Domain (advertisement) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Is it time to retire the Pledge of Allegiance?" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-07-06 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Description An account of the resource <strong>"We're about the only nation to pledge allegiance to a flag, and we do it without even understanding why we do so. Perhaps it's time to consider retiring this anachronistic practice, or at least finding a meaningful replacement."</strong> <br /><br />Paul M. Howey does a quick review of what the Pledge of Allegiance truly means and how most Americans seem to bypass this understanding when actually reciting it. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Howey, Paul M. "Is It Time to Retire the Pledge of Allegiance?" Tribunedigital-chicagotribune. 2008. Accessed November 13, 2016. <br /><a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-07-06/news/0807050312_1_francis-bellamy-pledge-flag-sales" target="_blank">http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-07-06/news/0807050312_1_francis-bellamy-pledge-flag-sales</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The pledge at 120 and beyond" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-09-07 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Swett, Sebastian. "Pledge of Allegiance Turns 120 Years Old." Tribunedigital-chicagotribune. 2012. Accessed November 13, 2016. <br /><a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-09-07/opinion/ct-perspec-0907-pledge-20120907_1_francis-bellamy-pledge-youth-s-companion" target="_blank">http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-09-07/opinion/ct-perspec-0907-pledge-20120907_1_francis-bellamy-pledge-youth-s-companion</a> Description An account of the resource <strong>"Indeed, the pledge's great unresolved question is the primary question now facing us. The pledge closes with a promise of "liberty and justice for all." Yet these two ideals are uneasy partners. Can one person take actions that harm society at large in the name of freedom? Can our government determine each citizen's fair share in the name of justice?"</strong> <br /><br />Sebastian Swett looks at the Pledge as an opportunity for Americans to prove they are truly in support of the ideals that have made America great. In both reciting and refusing to stand for the pledge, Americans have the opportunity to see what the United States can become. https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/e158dbe0dca28400bd27e8b8346cc6f0.pdf 92d0d414b32d2cba7196d5e9a3e86b65 https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/5a3cbdaa55b8550e0b7bb963a4879adc.jpg acb5b8fff7016f30e8177a6ee6cf5e2a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EXERCISES IN SCHOOL.: YOUNG AMERICA DOES HONOR TO THE MEMORY OF COLUMBUS Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1892-10-20 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Description An account of the resource "A flag was then raised followed by a military salute by the pupils. While their little hands were raised to their foreheads they began to repeat this pledge: I pledge allegiance to my flag and the republic for which it stands; one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. When the words 'my country' were reached their right hands were extended toward the colors and they remained in this position till the end of the affirmation." This article details the festivities and rituals of Columbus Day in 1892. By doing so, they introduce the practice of reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, and how the flag salute honors the memory of Columbus. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Exercises at School: Young America Does Honor to the Memory of Columbus." Chicago Daily Tribune (Chicago), October 20, 1892. https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/7337ecb84be82e1318789d799b88732e.pdf 4f434d01ec4d821995da8ea631d9db15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Pledge to the Flag Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1916-12-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Description An account of the resource "Every school in Chicago, yes, every school in the United States, should require of its pupils on every Flag Day, and on every holiday, when the flag is raised, to stand at attention and give the pledge." Harry B. Garrett writes a short opinion based article on the Pledge of Allegiance during its early years. Garrett, a proud supporter of the Pledge requirement in schools, does not argue that it should be recited every day but only for holidays and major events. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Garrett, Harry B. "The Pledge to the Flag." Chicago Tribune (Chicago), December 10, 1916. https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/6ecaeedd38051b59a03c513ce1003750.jpg 8716777e43311d087adeb843c3c6dfb6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource It Is Columbus Day: Chicago Public School Pupils Will Celebrate Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1892-10-19 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Description An account of the resource "Ever since its been announced that there would be a national school celebration in observance of Columbus day the Chicago school children have been in a state of delight." The Chicago Tribune details the itinerary for most public schools during the Columbus Day celebration, an important part of which was the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "IT IS COLUMBUS DAY.: Chicago Public School Pupils Will Celebrate." Chicago Tribune (Chicago), October 19, 1892. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource D.A.R. Will Observe Golden Anniversary of Pledge to the Flag Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942-10-12 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Description An account of the resource <strong>"A nationwide celebration of the golden anniversary of the flag pledge is being promoted this week by the Daughters of the American Revolution."</strong> <br /><br />The Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage-based membership service organization for women who are directly descended from a person involved in the United States' struggle for independence. They were and are still in overwhelming support of the Pledge of Allegiance. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "D.A.R. Will Observe Golden Anniversary of Pledge to the Flag." Chicago Tribune (Chicago), October 12, 1942. https://digitalchicagohistory.org/files/original/fa827b390a9d6f2bb9a43b4d9cddcad6.jpg 1b7ee89d8e5629840a303a3059cf5acd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CHICAGO AND THE WORLD'S FAIR: Every Promise Made by This City Has Been Splendidly Redeemed Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1892-11-07 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Description An account of the resource Chicago Daily Tribune article from November 7, 1892, page 8, with the headline "CHICAGO AND THE WORLD'S FAIR: Every Promise Made by This City Has Been Splendidly Redeemed"