In Bern, Switzerland, Addams and Jakobs meet with President Motta and Foreign Minister Hoffman. Motta tells Addams that now is not the time for neutral nations to meet and discuss a quick resolution to the war. He reassures her that Switzerland is ready to partake in peace discussions when the right time presents itself.
Addams, Jane. “Factors in Continuing the War.” Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017. Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017. “Miss Addams Finds War Idea Supreme.” The New York Times: 24 Jun. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,970: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017. “Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams meets with leaders of the Belgian government-in-exile
Addams meets with Foreign Minister d'Avignon. He takes the delegation's mission seriously. Even though he expresses great feelings for peace, the minister tells the women that Belgium is in the hands of her allies and peace negotiations are up to them. Leaders of Belgium are staying in hotels and villas in Harve, France due to their country being occupied by the Germans since August of 1914.
Addams meets with the French prime minister and foreign minister
Foreign Minister Theophile Delcasse and Prime Minister Rene Viviani meet with the Addams and Jacobs. Addams and Jacobs find France bitter and immovable, and they dread their meetings with French women suffragettes. French pacifists are deeply disillusioned. The minister of foreign affairs, ever the militarist, is the least approachable of all, echoing the sentiments of many French who see Germany as the clear aggressor. The only policy for the French is the continuation of the war and victory over Germany.
Addams meets with the Italian prime minister, foreign minister, and the pope
When the women arrive in Rome, Italy, a very patriotic picture greets them, because Italy has only days earlier declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. Much like the previous meetings, in Rome Addams and Jacobs present the Hague conference resolutions, including the idea for a conference of neutrals, to Prime Minister Salandra and Foreign Minister Sonino, who reject them. They are able to secure an audience with the pope where they then discuss peace options and mediation for half an hour. The pope suggests that the United States must take a prominent roll in the mediation efforts.
Addams meets with Hungarian prime minister
In Budapest, Addams holds a meeting with Hungarian Prime Minister Istvan Tisza. Addams also gives a public lecture.
Addams meets Austrian prime minister and foreign minister
Addams and Jacobs meet with Prime Minister Carl Stürgkh and Foreign Minister Stephan Burian. The prime minister dismisses Addam's self-deprecating comment about his meeting with a group of women to discuss their plan for a mediated end to the war. Addams recalls her words to the prime minister: "Perhaps it seems to you very foolish that women should go about this way; but after all, the world itself is so strange in this war situation that our mission may be no more strange nor foolish than the rest." The prime minister responds: "Foolish? Not at all. These are the first sensible words that have been uttered in this room for ten months." (Quoted in Addams, "Factors in Continuing the War," 96).
In Berlin, Addams meets German chancellor, foreign minister, and pacifists
<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Addams and Jacobs, as well as members of their entourage are introduced to a German military officer at their hotel in Berlin who criticizes the United States government for selling war munitions to Britain and France. They also meet with a group of German pacifists, many of whom are members of anti-war group Der Bund Neues Vaterland, as well as Maximilian Harden, editor of Die Zukunft. The highpoint of the Berlin trip is Addams and Jacobs' separate meetings with German Foreign Minister Gottlieb von Jagow and Chancellor Theobald Bethmann-Hollweg. The chancellor informs the women that Germany will not request mediation, since doing so would be seen, wrongly, by England and France as a sign of Germany's weakness."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":[null,0],"4":[null,2,14348019],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":0,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,0],"15":"Times New Roman","16":12}">Addams and Jacobs, as well as members of their entourage, are introduced to a German military officer at their hotel in Berlin who criticizes the United States government for selling war munitions to Britain and France. They also meet with a group of German pacifists, many of whom are members of anti-war group Der Bund Neues Vaterland, as well as Maximilian Harden, editor of Die Zukunft. The highpoint of the Berlin trip is Addams and Jacobs' separate meetings with German Foreign Minister Gottlieb von Jagow and Chancellor Theobald Bethmann-Hollweg. The chancellor informs the women that Germany will not request mediation, since doing so would be seen, wrongly, by England and France as a sign of Germany's weakness.
Addams meets British prime minister and foreign secretary
Addams and Jacobs have separate meetings with British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith and Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey. Asquith and Lord Grey reject the proposal for mediation, telling the delegates that the war must continue.
Addams, Jane. “Factors in Continuing the War.” Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017. Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017. “Jane Addams and Others Quit England for Holland.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 18 May 1915: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams and Jacobs meet with Prime Minister Cort van der Linden and Foreign Minister Loudon. Of the meeting with the Dutch officials, Addams writes in a letter to Mary Rozet Smith: "I have not lost my head. There is just one chance in 10 thousand…. You can never understand unless you were here, how you would be willing to do anything" (Quoted in Levine 207).
Addams, Jane. “Factors in Continuing the War.” Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017. Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017. “Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
1902-1940(?) Otto W. Tanke took over Emil Dorner’s drug store at 557 N. Clark St. in 1902, just four years after passing the Board of Pharmacy. In the early 1900s, Tanke established the Lavox Company, manufacturing chemicals, drugs, and toilet articles; a 1911 ad for their shampoo powder is below. Tanke died in 1942 at 67 in Indiana. RRH
1895-1902 Emil A. Dorner’s drug store first appears in Chicago records in 1895, located at 557 N. Clark Street; in 1902, Otto W. Tanke took over the store. A bottle from this business was found at the Charnley-Persky House in 2010. RRH
Addams is elected president of the Women's Peace Party
The Women's Peace Party (WPP) passes a platform at the Willard Hotel, in Washington, D.C. The program they adopt has eleven resolutions similar to those of the CEF, but the WPP goes a step further and calls on the world's citizens to take war mediation "into their own hands" (Knight 195-197). The preamble specifically endorses a role for women in international politics and promoting world peace. Addams asserts that no country ought to go to war other than for the defense of the homeland. The platform addresses international arbitration, a point which Addams firmly supports. The party's goal is to prevent future wars. Over 2,500 people attend the meeting. Addams is elected president and urges for action on women's suffrage.
“Jane Addams Asks Country to Adopt a New Patriotism.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Sees end of Wars Under Referendum.” The New York Times: 6 Mar. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,860: 10. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams joins worshippers petitioning for peace
In response to a proclamation by President Wilson, churches across the nation hold services to pray for peace. At a meeting hall in Chicago, Addams, along with the governor of Illinois and religious leaders, petition for peace. Police reserves are called out for overflows as the services attract twice as many worshippers as usual.
“Chicago Churches Thronged.” The New York Times: 5 Oct. 1914, vol. LXIV no. 20,708: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams reacts to the outbreak of the war
Addams despairs upon hearing the news that Europe is at war. She spots a German ocean liner anchored in Frenchman's Bay, Maine, not far from her summer cottage. She believes that the war will turn back the clock on social progress and take a toll on social services. Even so, she constantly remains confident that people of varying ethnicities and backgrounds can work together in harmony, often citing her work at Chicago's Hull House as a paramount example. This idea of internationalism and working together for peace follows her through the war and after.
Addams, Jane. “Passing of the War Virtues.” The Craftsman XXVII.1 (1914): 79-80. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 3 June 2017. “Moral Reaction of War Pointed.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 1 Oct. 1914: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams speaks before the Chicago Woman's Club about the police and the spike in the number of arrests the year before. Chicago sees close to 84,000 arrests in 1913 (comparatively, Chicago sees close to 50,000 arrests by mid December of 2016). Addams informs the Chicago Women's Club that nearly 42,000 of those cases are dismissed and that some 25,000 of the 42,000 are people under the age of twenty-five. She addresses the corruption seen in Chicago's police force. Her solution to creating a less negative police force is to induct women into the force.
“Too Many Arrests, Says Miss Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 5 Feb. 1914: 10. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams speaks at national suffrage convention
Addams speaks at a national suffrage convention at the Columbia Theatre in Washington. The women urge President Wilson to endorse women's suffrage. The New York Times reports that nearly one thousand women representing every state, Hawaii, and Alaska attend. The National American Women's Suffrage Association's forty-fifth annual convention opens at the New Masonic Temple with a welcoming address from Oliver P. Newman. Other speakers at the convention include Jane Addams. Officers of the association are to have a meeting before the House Committee on Rules to ask for the creation of a Suffrage Committee on the first of December.
“Women at Capital Hold Mass Meeting.” The New York Times: 1 Dec. 1913, vol. LXIII no. 20,400: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams attends the Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. The Women's Congress opens on the fifteenth of June at the Academy of Music in Budapest, Hungary, with addresses from the Minister of Education and the Countess Iska Teleki, to name a few. Some 2,000 women attend the conference, with 300 being from Budapest alone. There are representatives from five continents and twenty-five nations. The conference starts with a presidential address from Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, who praises the advancement of women's movements around the world. Addams receives news that women in the state of Illinois are granted the right to vote. She arrives at the convention after visiting Egypt, Palestine, and Italy. Delegates from China, India, Persia, and Iceland attend. The Men's International League for Women's Suffrage meets at the same time.
"Praise for Italy From Jane Addams." The New York Times: 3 Jul. 1913, vol. LXII no. 20,249: 8. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. "Suffrage Congress Meets in Budapest." The New York Times: 16 Jun. 1913, vol. LXII no. 20,232: 12. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. "Women Suffragists Head for Budapest." The New York Times 11 May. 1913, vol. LXII no. 20,196: 12. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017.
<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Addams' travels in Egypt are chronicled in the Atlantic Monthly. The essay serves as the foundation for The Long Road of Women's Memory, a literary work in which Addams reflects on the origins of myth and the female psyche. Addams completes the book during the early part of the First World War. Joslin hypothesizes that the central purposes of the book - Addams' effort \"to define the transmutation of fear into myth\" is perhaps \"her own attempt to deflect public criticism of her pacifism,\" following the negative reaction to her Carnegie Hall speech in July of 1915 (Quoted in Joslin, p. 173). One chapter in the book, titled \"Women's Memories-Challenging War,\" addresses the war and her pacifism in the form of a fictionalized story of the relationship between a mother and her son who is killed in battle during the European war."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":[null,0],"4":[null,2,16640473],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":0,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,0],"15":"Times New Roman","16":12}">Addams' travels in Egypt are chronicled in the Atlantic Monthly. The essay serves as the foundation for The Long Road of Women's Memory, a literary work in which Addams reflects on the origins of myth and the female psyche. Addams completes the book during the early part of the First World War. Joslin hypothesizes that the central purposes of the book - Addams' effort "to define the transmutation of fear into myth" is perhaps "her own attempt to deflect public criticism of her pacifism," following the negative reaction to her Carnegie Hall speech in July of 1915 (Quoted in Joslin, p. 173). One chapter in the book, titled "Women's Memories-Challenging War," addresses the war and her pacifism in the form of a fictionalized story of the relationship between a mother and her son who is killed in battle during the European war.
Addams, Jane. "The Unexpected Reactions of a Traveler in Europe." The Atlantic Monthly CXIII (1914): 178-85. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 31 May 2017.
1866-? David R. Dyche took over his deceased brother’s drug store in 1866; after the 1871 Fire, the store moved to the corner of State & Randolph (pictured below in 1904). After Dyche’s 1893 death, his heirs incorporated the company as D. R. Dyche Drug Company and sold it to a syndicate; it is unclear when the company officially folded. RRH
1893-present Wilder Pickard established his china company in 1893 in Edgerton, Wisconsin; by 1900, the company had moved to Chicago. The company specialized in hand-painted china, as advertised in the 1907 image below. A piece of a porcelain plate was found at the Charnley-Persky House in 2015. RRH
Addams attends First International Congress of Women
As president of the Woman’s Peace Party, Addams leads the American delegation to the First International Congress of Women, in The Hague, Netherlands. Addams presides at the conference's opening session. Over the next several days, the delegates give speeches and debate planks of a platform, the most important of which are (1) the continuous mediation among the belligerents in the form of a conference of neutrals and (2) universal women's suffrage. In addition, the delegates pass a variety of resolutions similar to those adopted earlier by the Women's Peace Party. Addams is elected president of the newly-formed International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (ICWPP). The Congress further agrees to send two delegations to various European capitals for the purpose of meeting with heads of state and government, foreign ministers, and civilian peace activists to promote the idea of possibly ending the war through the continuous mediation of neutral countries. Addams and Dr. Aletta Jacobs, of the Netherlands, travel together across the continent, visiting the capitals of belligerent countries (Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and several neutral countries (the Netherlands, Switzerland, and The Vatican). Meanwhile, a second delegation travels to Russia and the Scandinavian countries.
Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017. Addams, Jane. "Peace and the Press." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 55-56. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017. Addams, Jane. "Women and Internationalism." Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "Women in Earnest Says Jane Addams." The New York Times: 29 Apr. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,914: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 31 May 2017. Addams, Jane. “Women War and Suffrage.” The Survey XXXV.6 (1915): 148. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 1 June 2017 “Calls Women to Peace Session at The Hague.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 6 Mar. 1915: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Miss Addams to Give Peace Plan.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 13 Oct. 1915: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017. “Resolutions Adopted by The International Congress of Women.” The Survey XXIV.10 (1915): 218. Archive.org. Web. 31 May 2017. “Women as ‘Activists’: The Hague Committee.” The Survey XXXV.16 (1916): 443-4. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 1 June 2017. "Women Off for Peace Meeting at The Hague." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 14 Apr. 1915: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017. “Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017. “Women Urge Ban on Secret Treaties.” The New York Times 30 Apr. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,915: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams endorses Theodore Roosevelt for President
Addams, Jane
Now a national figure in her own right, Addams seconds the nomination of Theodore Roosevelt for president at the 1912 Bull Moose (Progressive) Party convention in Chicago. Roosevelt bolts from the Republican Party's nominating convention, also in Chicago, when the nomination goes to the incumbent William Howard Taft. Addams subsequently undertakes a national tour on Roosevelt's behalf. Some colleagues of Addams are perplexed by her endorsement. Charles Beals, secretary of the Chicago Peace Society, who had long condemned Roosevelt for his militarism and imperialism, expresses "bewilder[ment] that the Big Sister has swallowed Bull-Moosism or been swallowed by it, I don't know quite which" (Quoted in Davis, p. 194). Erving Winslow, another leader of the Chicago-based peace movement, reminds Addams that Roosevelt supports a larger military and the occupation of the Philippines, which Addams herself strongly opposes.
Addams, Jane. “My Experiences as a Progressive Delegate.” McClure’s Magazine XL.1 (1912): 12-14. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 2 June 2017. Addams, Jane. “New Party.” American Magazine LXXV.1 (1912): 12-14. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 2 June 2017. "Bull Moosers Seize Triangular Debate." The New York Times: 13 Oct. 1912, vol. LXII no. 19,986: 9. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. "Convention Seats in Demand." The New York Times: 30 Jul. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,911: 5. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. “Miss Addams at Meeting Today.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 17 Oct. 1912: 5. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. "Roosevelt to Miss Addams." The New York Times: 10 Aug. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,922: 2. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. "Roosevelt Sole Convention Star." The New York Times: 7 Aug. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,919: 1, 2. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. "Three Candidates for Second Place." The New York Times: 7 Aug. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,919: 3. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. “Uproar Stirred by Jane Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 8 Aug. 1912: 2. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017.
Canton porcelain refers to a wide range of Chinese export porcelain produced in the Chinese port of Canton (now known as Guangzhou). Generally, Canton porcelain refers to 18th-century to early 20th-century blue and white Chinese porcelains created for the North American export market; the 1920 advertisement below shows how broadly the term was used. The earliest shipment to the U.S. was recorded as 1797. RRH
1880-1949 Founded in 1880, Zeh, Scherzer & Co. produced a wide range of products, including an exclusive series for Geo. Borgeldt & Co. (advertised in the 1921 image below). In 1949, they began using the name and backmark Scherzer & Co. or Scherzer 1880 because it was easier to produce in other countries. The company closed its doors in 1992. RRH
1823-present Louis Toussaint Piver took over Michel Adam’s perfume company in 1813, renaming the company after himself ten years later. The company was the official purveyor to the court of Louis XVI and to many royal families of Europe and produced a wide variety of products, as shown in the 1876 advertisement below. L. T. Piver is still in business today. RRH
1830-present Edouard Pinaud opened his first perfume shop in 1839 in Paris, and the company first appeared in Parisian registered in 1841. The company grew swiftly and was the perfume supplier for Napoleon III and Queen Victoria of England by the 1850s. Pinaud’s emphasized the artistry behind perfume-making (as in the 1902 ad below), and the company still produces perfume today. RRH
1891-present Theodore Haviland split from his family company, Haviland & Co., and formed his own china business in 1891. Haviland produced a wide range of china, even expanding into sculpture, advertising in 1916 animal sculptures made by Swiss artist Edouard-Marcel Sandoz (see below). Haviland & Co. closed in 1931, and Theodore Haviland’s company won the rights to Haviland & Co.’s name and backstamps. It is estimated that the company has produced more than 60,000 patterns and is still in business today. RRH
1769-present Alexander Gordon built his gin distillery in London in 1769; Gordon & Company quickly spread throughout the British Empire (starting 1800), reaching the U.S. and Canada in 1902. The iconic square-faced bottle was introduced in 1904, and in 1911 the company took out two full-page ads in Life Magazine to advertise a slight change in the bottle (see one of them below). Gordon’s is still available today. RRH
1882-present Founded in 1882, Johnson Brothers was a leader in English earthenware production; in 1896, the company expanded to the U.S., which would become one of their largest markets (as exhibited in the 1922 advertisement from one of their distributors). In 1968, the company became a part of the Wedgwood group and still produces china today. RRH