Social Regeneration, December 7, 1903 (summary)
The Chicago Daily Tribune, summarizes Addams' talk to the Chicago Bureau of Charities on the morality of charity.
"Babies Keep Them Poor" Chicago Daily Tribune, December 7, 1903, p. 9.
Jane Addams
Addams endorses Theodore Roosevelt for President
Addams, Jane
Now a national figure in her own right, Addams seconds the nomination of Theodore Roosevelt for president at the 1912 Bull Moose (Progressive) Party convention in Chicago. Roosevelt bolts from the Republican Party's nominating convention, also in Chicago, when the nomination goes to the incumbent William Howard Taft. Addams subsequently undertakes a national tour on Roosevelt's behalf. Some colleagues of Addams are perplexed by her endorsement. Charles Beals, secretary of the Chicago Peace Society, who had long condemned Roosevelt for his militarism and imperialism, expresses "bewilder[ment] that the Big Sister has swallowed Bull-Moosism or been swallowed by it, I don't know quite which" (Quoted in Davis, p. 194). Erving Winslow, another leader of the Chicago-based peace movement, reminds Addams that Roosevelt supports a larger military and the occupation of the Philippines, which Addams herself strongly opposes.
Addams, Jane. “My Experiences as a Progressive Delegate.” McClure’s Magazine XL.1 (1912): 12-14. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 2 June 2017. Addams, Jane. “New Party.” American Magazine LXXV.1 (1912): 12-14. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 2 June 2017. "Bull Moosers Seize Triangular Debate." The New York Times: 13 Oct. 1912, vol. LXII no. 19,986: 9. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. "Convention Seats in Demand." The New York Times: 30 Jul. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,911: 5. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. “Miss Addams at Meeting Today.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 17 Oct. 1912: 5. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. "Roosevelt to Miss Addams." The New York Times: 10 Aug. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,922: 2. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. "Roosevelt Sole Convention Star." The New York Times: 7 Aug. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,919: 1, 2. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. "Three Candidates for Second Place." The New York Times: 7 Aug. 1912, vol. LXI no. 19,919: 3. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. “Uproar Stirred by Jane Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 8 Aug. 1912: 2. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017.
Addams attends First International Congress of Women
As president of the Woman’s Peace Party, Addams leads the American delegation to the First International Congress of Women, in The Hague, Netherlands. Addams presides at the conference's opening session. Over the next several days, the delegates give speeches and debate planks of a platform, the most important of which are (1) the continuous mediation among the belligerents in the form of a conference of neutrals and (2) universal women's suffrage. In addition, the delegates pass a variety of resolutions similar to those adopted earlier by the Women's Peace Party. Addams is elected president of the newly-formed International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (ICWPP). The Congress further agrees to send two delegations to various European capitals for the purpose of meeting with heads of state and government, foreign ministers, and civilian peace activists to promote the idea of possibly ending the war through the continuous mediation of neutral countries. Addams and Dr. Aletta Jacobs, of the Netherlands, travel together across the continent, visiting the capitals of belligerent countries (Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and several neutral countries (the Netherlands, Switzerland, and The Vatican). Meanwhile, a second delegation travels to Russia and the Scandinavian countries.
Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017. Addams, Jane. "Peace and the Press." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 55-56. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017. Addams, Jane. "Women and Internationalism." Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "Women in Earnest Says Jane Addams." The New York Times: 29 Apr. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,914: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 31 May 2017. Addams, Jane. “Women War and Suffrage.” The Survey XXXV.6 (1915): 148. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 1 June 2017 “Calls Women to Peace Session at The Hague.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 6 Mar. 1915: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Miss Addams to Give Peace Plan.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 13 Oct. 1915: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017. “Resolutions Adopted by The International Congress of Women.” The Survey XXIV.10 (1915): 218. Archive.org. Web. 31 May 2017. “Women as ‘Activists’: The Hague Committee.” The Survey XXXV.16 (1916): 443-4. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 1 June 2017. "Women Off for Peace Meeting at The Hague." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 14 Apr. 1915: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017. “Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017. “Women Urge Ban on Secret Treaties.” The New York Times 30 Apr. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,915: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Addams' travels in Egypt are chronicled in the Atlantic Monthly. The essay serves as the foundation for The Long Road of Women's Memory, a literary work in which Addams reflects on the origins of myth and the female psyche. Addams completes the book during the early part of the First World War. Joslin hypothesizes that the central purposes of the book - Addams' effort \"to define the transmutation of fear into myth\" is perhaps \"her own attempt to deflect public criticism of her pacifism,\" following the negative reaction to her Carnegie Hall speech in July of 1915 (Quoted in Joslin, p. 173). One chapter in the book, titled \"Women's Memories-Challenging War,\" addresses the war and her pacifism in the form of a fictionalized story of the relationship between a mother and her son who is killed in battle during the European war."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":[null,0],"4":[null,2,16640473],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":0,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,0],"15":"Times New Roman","16":12}">Addams' travels in Egypt are chronicled in the Atlantic Monthly. The essay serves as the foundation for The Long Road of Women's Memory, a literary work in which Addams reflects on the origins of myth and the female psyche. Addams completes the book during the early part of the First World War. Joslin hypothesizes that the central purposes of the book - Addams' effort "to define the transmutation of fear into myth" is perhaps "her own attempt to deflect public criticism of her pacifism," following the negative reaction to her Carnegie Hall speech in July of 1915 (Quoted in Joslin, p. 173). One chapter in the book, titled "Women's Memories-Challenging War," addresses the war and her pacifism in the form of a fictionalized story of the relationship between a mother and her son who is killed in battle during the European war.
Addams, Jane. "The Unexpected Reactions of a Traveler in Europe." The Atlantic Monthly CXIII (1914): 178-85. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 31 May 2017.
Addams attends the Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. The Women's Congress opens on the fifteenth of June at the Academy of Music in Budapest, Hungary, with addresses from the Minister of Education and the Countess Iska Teleki, to name a few. Some 2,000 women attend the conference, with 300 being from Budapest alone. There are representatives from five continents and twenty-five nations. The conference starts with a presidential address from Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, who praises the advancement of women's movements around the world. Addams receives news that women in the state of Illinois are granted the right to vote. She arrives at the convention after visiting Egypt, Palestine, and Italy. Delegates from China, India, Persia, and Iceland attend. The Men's International League for Women's Suffrage meets at the same time.
"Praise for Italy From Jane Addams." The New York Times: 3 Jul. 1913, vol. LXII no. 20,249: 8. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. "Suffrage Congress Meets in Budapest." The New York Times: 16 Jun. 1913, vol. LXII no. 20,232: 12. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017. "Women Suffragists Head for Budapest." The New York Times 11 May. 1913, vol. LXII no. 20,196: 12. New York Times. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 7 June 2017.
Addams speaks at national suffrage convention
Addams speaks at a national suffrage convention at the Columbia Theatre in Washington. The women urge President Wilson to endorse women's suffrage. The New York Times reports that nearly one thousand women representing every state, Hawaii, and Alaska attend. The National American Women's Suffrage Association's forty-fifth annual convention opens at the New Masonic Temple with a welcoming address from Oliver P. Newman. Other speakers at the convention include Jane Addams. Officers of the association are to have a meeting before the House Committee on Rules to ask for the creation of a Suffrage Committee on the first of December.
“Women at Capital Hold Mass Meeting.” The New York Times: 1 Dec. 1913, vol. LXIII no. 20,400: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams speaks before the Chicago Woman's Club about the police and the spike in the number of arrests the year before. Chicago sees close to 84,000 arrests in 1913 (comparatively, Chicago sees close to 50,000 arrests by mid December of 2016). Addams informs the Chicago Women's Club that nearly 42,000 of those cases are dismissed and that some 25,000 of the 42,000 are people under the age of twenty-five. She addresses the corruption seen in Chicago's police force. Her solution to creating a less negative police force is to induct women into the force.
“Too Many Arrests, Says Miss Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 5 Feb. 1914: 10. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams reacts to the outbreak of the war
Addams despairs upon hearing the news that Europe is at war. She spots a German ocean liner anchored in Frenchman's Bay, Maine, not far from her summer cottage. She believes that the war will turn back the clock on social progress and take a toll on social services. Even so, she constantly remains confident that people of varying ethnicities and backgrounds can work together in harmony, often citing her work at Chicago's Hull House as a paramount example. This idea of internationalism and working together for peace follows her through the war and after.
Addams, Jane. “Passing of the War Virtues.” The Craftsman XXVII.1 (1914): 79-80. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 3 June 2017. “Moral Reaction of War Pointed.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 1 Oct. 1914: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams joins worshippers petitioning for peace
In response to a proclamation by President Wilson, churches across the nation hold services to pray for peace. At a meeting hall in Chicago, Addams, along with the governor of Illinois and religious leaders, petition for peace. Police reserves are called out for overflows as the services attract twice as many worshippers as usual.
“Chicago Churches Thronged.” The New York Times: 5 Oct. 1914, vol. LXIV no. 20,708: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams is elected president of the Women's Peace Party
The Women's Peace Party (WPP) passes a platform at the Willard Hotel, in Washington, D.C. The program they adopt has eleven resolutions similar to those of the CEF, but the WPP goes a step further and calls on the world's citizens to take war mediation "into their own hands" (Knight 195-197). The preamble specifically endorses a role for women in international politics and promoting world peace. Addams asserts that no country ought to go to war other than for the defense of the homeland. The platform addresses international arbitration, a point which Addams firmly supports. The party's goal is to prevent future wars. Over 2,500 people attend the meeting. Addams is elected president and urges for action on women's suffrage.
“Jane Addams Asks Country to Adopt a New Patriotism.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Sees end of Wars Under Referendum.” The New York Times: 6 Mar. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,860: 10. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams and Jacobs meet with Prime Minister Cort van der Linden and Foreign Minister Loudon. Of the meeting with the Dutch officials, Addams writes in a letter to Mary Rozet Smith: "I have not lost my head. There is just one chance in 10 thousand…. You can never understand unless you were here, how you would be willing to do anything" (Quoted in Levine 207).
Addams, Jane. “Factors in Continuing the War.” Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017. Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017. “Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams meets British prime minister and foreign secretary
Addams and Jacobs have separate meetings with British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith and Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey. Asquith and Lord Grey reject the proposal for mediation, telling the delegates that the war must continue.
Addams, Jane. “Factors in Continuing the War.” Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017. Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017. “Jane Addams and Others Quit England for Holland.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 18 May 1915: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
In Berlin, Addams meets German chancellor, foreign minister, and pacifists
<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Addams and Jacobs, as well as members of their entourage are introduced to a German military officer at their hotel in Berlin who criticizes the United States government for selling war munitions to Britain and France. They also meet with a group of German pacifists, many of whom are members of anti-war group Der Bund Neues Vaterland, as well as Maximilian Harden, editor of Die Zukunft. The highpoint of the Berlin trip is Addams and Jacobs' separate meetings with German Foreign Minister Gottlieb von Jagow and Chancellor Theobald Bethmann-Hollweg. The chancellor informs the women that Germany will not request mediation, since doing so would be seen, wrongly, by England and France as a sign of Germany's weakness."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":[null,0],"4":[null,2,14348019],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":0,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,0],"15":"Times New Roman","16":12}">Addams and Jacobs, as well as members of their entourage, are introduced to a German military officer at their hotel in Berlin who criticizes the United States government for selling war munitions to Britain and France. They also meet with a group of German pacifists, many of whom are members of anti-war group Der Bund Neues Vaterland, as well as Maximilian Harden, editor of Die Zukunft. The highpoint of the Berlin trip is Addams and Jacobs' separate meetings with German Foreign Minister Gottlieb von Jagow and Chancellor Theobald Bethmann-Hollweg. The chancellor informs the women that Germany will not request mediation, since doing so would be seen, wrongly, by England and France as a sign of Germany's weakness.
Addams, Jane. “Factors in Continuing the War.” Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "The Food of War." The Independent LXXXIV (1915): 430-31. Google Play Books. Web. 31 May 2017. Hamilton, Alice. “At the War Capitals.” The Survey XXXIV.19 (1915): 417-22. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017. “Miss Addams Finds War Idea Supreme.” The New York Times: 24 Jun. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,970: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017. “Women Envoys Urge Neutrals to Meet.” The New York Times 16 Oct. 1915, vol. LXV no. 21,084: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams meets Austrian prime minister and foreign minister
Addams and Jacobs meet with Prime Minister Carl Stürgkh and Foreign Minister Stephan Burian. The prime minister dismisses Addam's self-deprecating comment about his meeting with a group of women to discuss their plan for a mediated end to the war. Addams recalls her words to the prime minister: "Perhaps it seems to you very foolish that women should go about this way; but after all, the world itself is so strange in this war situation that our mission may be no more strange nor foolish than the rest." The prime minister responds: "Foolish? Not at all. These are the first sensible words that have been uttered in this room for ten months." (Quoted in Addams, "Factors in Continuing the War," 96).
Addams meets with Hungarian prime minister
In Budapest, Addams holds a meeting with Hungarian Prime Minister Istvan Tisza. Addams also gives a public lecture.
Addams meets with the Italian prime minister, foreign minister, and the pope
When the women arrive in Rome, Italy, a very patriotic picture greets them, because Italy has only days earlier declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. Much like the previous meetings, in Rome Addams and Jacobs present the Hague conference resolutions, including the idea for a conference of neutrals, to Prime Minister Salandra and Foreign Minister Sonino, who reject them. They are able to secure an audience with the pope where they then discuss peace options and mediation for half an hour. The pope suggests that the United States must take a prominent roll in the mediation efforts.
Addams meets with the French prime minister and foreign minister
Foreign Minister Theophile Delcasse and Prime Minister Rene Viviani meet with the Addams and Jacobs. Addams and Jacobs find France bitter and immovable, and they dread their meetings with French women suffragettes. French pacifists are deeply disillusioned. The minister of foreign affairs, ever the militarist, is the least approachable of all, echoing the sentiments of many French who see Germany as the clear aggressor. The only policy for the French is the continuation of the war and victory over Germany.
Addams meets with leaders of the Belgian government-in-exile
Addams meets with Foreign Minister d'Avignon. He takes the delegation's mission seriously. Even though he expresses great feelings for peace, the minister tells the women that Belgium is in the hands of her allies and peace negotiations are up to them. Leaders of Belgium are staying in hotels and villas in Harve, France due to their country being occupied by the Germans since August of 1914.
In Bern, Switzerland, Addams and Jakobs meet with President Motta and Foreign Minister Hoffman. Motta tells Addams that now is not the time for neutral nations to meet and discuss a quick resolution to the war. He reassures her that Switzerland is ready to partake in peace discussions when the right time presents itself.
Addams departs Europe on the Old St. Louis for the United States
Addams leaves Europe and returns to the United States. Her highly-publicized activities in Europe over the past several months - specifically chairing the Women's Peace Summit and meeting with various foreign dignitaries, including presidents, prime ministers, and foreign ministers - have won her widespread praise in the American peace movement.
Addams, Jane. “Women War and Suffrage.” The Survey XXXV.6 (1915): 148. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 1 June 2017. “Jane Addams back from her peace tour.” The Survey XXXIV.15 (1915): 327. Archive.org. Web. 1 June 2017. "Jane Addams, back from the war capitals, reports." The Survey XXXIV.16 (1915): 347. Archive.org. Web. 31 May 2017. “Jane Addams Comes Home.” The New York Times: 6 Jul. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,982: 8. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 5 June 2017. “Miss Addams Finds War Idea Supreme.” The New York Times: 24 Jun. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,970: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017. P. U. K. "The Welcoming of Jane Addams." The Survey XXXIV.16 (1915): 353-54. Archive.org. Web. 31 May 2017.
Addams gives a major speech on her peace efforts in Europe
Addams returns to the United States from Europe. Upon her arrival in New York City, she gives a speech about her experiences before an audience of thousands in Carnegie Hall. She makes several main points. First, in all the war capitals she visited, Addams says public officials spoke of the righteousness of their cause. Second, Addams underscores the desire of most statesmen for a negotiated solution to the war and their determination not to be the ones to call for it, fearing that their enemies might question their resolve and seek to exploit their "weaknesses" at the negotiating table. Third, each of the warring countries is divided into two camps. The "military party," which include nationalists and militarists, wants a military solution to the conflict. Though patriotic, the "civil party" fears that the longer the war continues, the greater the harm that will be done to society and the liberty of the people. Addams rails against the pervasiveness of militaristic ideas and allies the American peace movement with the civil parties throughout Europe.
“3,000 Hail Jane Addams.” The New York Times: 3 Jul. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,999: 9. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 23 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "The Revolt Against War." The Survey XXXIV.16 (1915): 355-59. Archive.org. Web. 31 May 2017. “Cheers Greet Peace Message of Jane Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 23 Jul. 1915: 3. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 23 June 2017. Harding Davis, Richard. "An Insult to War." The New York Times: 13 Jul. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,989: 10. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 31 May 2017. “Jane Addams Wins Cheers of Thousands.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 10 Jul. 1915: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017. "Miss Addams Tells of Quest for Peace." The New York Times: 10 Jul. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,986: 3. New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 31 May 2017. P. U. K. "The Welcoming of Jane Addams." The Survey XXXIV.16 (1915): 353-54. Archive.org. Web. 31 May 2017.
Addams meets with President Woodrow Wilson at his request to report on her experiences in Europe. She gives him a copy of the platform of the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace. Wilson does not commit to calling an international peace conference, however. Addams and other peace activists follow up with Wilson and other top administration officials, including Colonel House and Secretary of State Robert Lansing. Still, Wilson equivocates. In 1918, when Wilson puts forward his peace plan, Addams maintains that sentiments and proposals expressed in it echo those of the 1915 women's peace platform. She nonetheless expresses great disappointment in Wilson, suggesting that the president lets two and one-half years of war and death transpire before offering terms to end the conflict.
“Jane Addams Home Today; Sees Wilson.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 22 Jul. 1915: 1, 2. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Jane Addams to See Wilson; Due Tomorrow.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 3 Jul. 1915: 3. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Jane Addams and Wilson to Talk Peace in Europe.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 10 Mar. 1915: 3. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Miss Addams Finds War Idea Supreme.” The New York Times: 24 Jun. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,970: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017. “Miss Addams to See Wilson.” The New York Times: 20 Jul. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,996: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 6 June 2017. “Too Early for Peace, The President Holds.” The New York Times: 22 Jul. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,998: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017. “Women Urge Ban on Secret Treaties.” The New York Times 30 Apr. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,915: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Debate over military preparedness ensues
Wilson asks Congress to finance a number of new naval ships and aircraft carriers. The country begins a heated debate about American military preparedness. Addams and other peace activities mobilize against an increase in military spending and the size of the U.S. military.
“Women Oppose Big Army.” The New York Times 23 Feb. 1916, vol. LXV no. 21,214: 17. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Henry Ford's Peace Ship, the Oscar II, sets sail for Europe
Publicizing the slogan "Out of the Trenches by Christmas," the Peace Ship, the Oscar II, sets sail for Europe from New York. On board is industrialist and philanthropist Henry Ford, who funds the expedition, along with scores of peace activists. Ford's purpose is to garner publicity for an international peace conference to end the war in Europe. The mission is unsuccessful and Ford, who catches influenza on board, returns to the United States four days after the ship's arrival in Norway. Earlier that year, Ford and Addams are in conversation about the event and her participating in it. Sensing that the mission would be marred by internal squabbling among prominent peace activists and condemned in the press, Addams balks at Ford's invitation. As the date of the ship's departure approaches, Addams formally withdraws, siting illness, a development that others come to refer to as Addams' "diplomatic disease" (Joslin, 182).
Lattimore, Florence L. “Aboard the Oscar II.” The Survey XXXV.16 (1916): 457-60. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 1 June 2017. “The New Kind of Militant Peace Plans.” The Survey XXXV.10 (1915): 227-8. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 1 June 2017.
Anti-militarism committee is established
An ally of Addams, Lilian Wald, and others associated with the settlement movement in Lower Manhattan, form what, in 1916, would become the American Union Against Militarism (AUAM), which opposes military preparedness by the United States and, unsuccessfully, advocates for a national war referendum. Addams supports the effort. The group opposes conscription once the U.S. enters the war in April of 1917. Many of the leaders of the AUAM later establish the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), of which Addams is a charter member.
“Anti-Militarism.” The Cambridge Tribune: 1 Jan 1916, vol. XXXVIII no. 44: 9. The Cambridge Tribune. Cambridge Public Library. Web. 14 June 2017. “Committee to Fight Huge War Budget.” The Survey XXXV.14 (1916): 370-1. Google Play Books. Web. 16 June 2017. “Suggestions from the Anti-Militarism Committee.” The Outlook CXII (January-April 1916): 4-5. Google Play Books. Web. 23 June 2017.
Addams attends the annual conference of the Women's Peace Party
Constructive peace built for the purpose of embracing the world is the ultimate goal of the Women's Peace Party. By January 1916, some 20,000 people have joined the party. The annual conference attracts a crowd of 2,500 and raises $10,000. A program is adopted with seven resolutions proposing the creation of a joint congressional committee to investigate United States military defenses and another peace conference at The Hague. The program urges for economic pressure to substitute for militarism. Military preparedness and the private manufacture of munitions are denounced. Addams is re-elected as party chairman.
“National Woman’s Peace Party.” The Survey XXXV.17 (1916): 492. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 1 June 2017.
Addams testifies before House Foreign Affairs Committee on Hague Conference
With Lucia Ames Mead and Sophonisba Breckenridge, Addams give testimony before the United States House of Representative's Committee on Foreign Affairs on the plan for an international conference of neutral countries for the purpose of bringing an end to the war in Europe. The delegates to the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace had called for such a conference the previous spring, during their conference in the Hague, Netherlands. Addams also reported on her meetings, after the congress, with public officials and peace advocates, in many of the European capitals.
Addams, Jane. “A Conference of Neutrals.” The Survey XXXV.17 (1916): 495. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 3 June 2017. “Jane Addams Urges Peace Mediation.” The New York Times: 12 Jan. 1916, vol. LXV no. 21,172: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017. “Statement of Miss Jane Addams and Others.” Commission for Enduring Peace. Hearing Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Sixty-Fourth Congress, First Session on H.R. 6921 and H.J. Res. 32, 11 Jan 1916. Washington Government Publishing Office 1916. ILLiad. Web. 16 June 2017
Addams opposes military preparedness, testifies before House Military Affairs Committee
In testimony before the United States House of Representative's Military Affairs Committee, Addams opposes steps toward military preparedness, especially an immediate increase in military spending, arguing that the United States does not face an imminent threat. She proposes instead that a decision be postponed until after the war. She also advocates for a national commission to study a possible increase in military spending. Meanwhile, President Wilson makes a nine-day lecture tour to promote the benefits of military preparedness.
“Jane Addams Wants no Army Increase.” The New York Times: 14 Jan. 1916, vol. LXV no. 21,174: 5. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017. “Statement of Miss Jane Addams.” To Increase the Efficiency of the Military Establishment of the United States. Hearing Before the House Committee on Military Affairs, Sixty-Fourth Congress, First Session on the Bill to Increase the Efficiency of the Military Establishment of the United States, 13 Jan 1916. Washington Government Publishing Office 1917, 3-15. Google Play Books. Web. 14 June 2017.
Addams formally endorses Wilson for president
Upon her return to Chicago from convalescence in Colorado and California, Addams is contacted by President Wilson, former President Theodore Roosevelt, and a representative of Charles Evans Hughes, all of whom are seeking her endorsement for their presidential bids. Addams later declares her support for Wilson, arguing that he is most likely to keep the United States out of the war and that he has a strong record of support for progressive, domestic policies, including his recent support for a national child labor bill. She writes, "The present administration comes before the country with a social program that carries assurances because of a record of pledges fulfilled and a series of legislative achievements not equaled by any other administration..." (Quoted in Linn, 319-320).
“Jane Addams for Wilson, She Says on Return.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 14 Oct. 1916: 5. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017. “Jane Addams for Wilson.” The New York Times: 15 Oct. 1916, vol. LXVI no. 21,449: 12. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017. “Women Go Wild Over ‘Kept Us Out of War’ Cry.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 20 Oct. 1916: 2. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.